Table 4. Loss of the original woodland species across the urban gradients in California and Ohio. A plus sign (+) indicates presence. Nomenclature follows the American Ornithologists' Union (1998).

Bird species  
Preserve
 
Open space
 
Golf course
 
Residential
 
Office/apartments
 
Business
California ecoregion  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    Hutton's Vireo  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Western Wood-Pewee  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Steller's Jay  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Wrentit  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Dark-eyed Junco  
+
 
 
 
 
+
 
    Ash-throated Flycatcher  
+
 
+
 
 
 
 
    Blue-gray Gnatcatcher  
+
 
+
 
 
 
+
 
    Cliff Swallow  
+
 
+
 
 
 
 
    White-breasted Nuthatch  
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
 
    California Quail  
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
 
    Violet-green Swallow  
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
 
    Spotted Towhee  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
    Bewick's Wren  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
    Lesser Goldfinch  
+
 
 
 
+
 
+
 
    Plain Titmouse  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
    California Towhee  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
    Bushtit  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
    Chestnut-backed Chickadee  
+
 
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
    Scrub Jay  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
    Anna's Hummingbird  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
    Mourning Dove  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
Ohio ecoregion  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    Acadian Flycatcher  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    American Crow  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Great Crested Flycatcher  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Kentucky Warbler  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Red-eyed Vireo  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Ovenbird  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    White-breasted Nuthatch  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Northern Parula  
+
 
 
 
 
 
    Indigo Bunting  
+
 
+
 
 
 
 
    Tufted Titmouse  
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
 
    Blue-gray Gnatcatcher  
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
 
    Red-bellied Woodpecker  
+
 
 
+
 
 
 
    Downy Woodpecker  
+
 
 
+
 
 
 
    Eastern Wood-pewee  
+
 
 
+
 
 
 
    Brown-headed Cowbird  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
    Carolina Chickadee  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
 
    Northern Cardinal  
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+