Table 3. A summary of the mapped farm management practices clustered according to the ecosystem service with which they interact. The final column lists references that investigated the potential impact of these practices. Bold = practices identified in both Roslagen, Sweden, and the Mbulu highlands, Tanzania. Normal = practices found only in Roslagen, Sweden. Italics = practices found only in the Mbulu highlands, Tanzania

Ecosystem services		Management practices		Examples		References
Plant production		Polyculture, local variety improvement		Mixed grains, cereals intercropped with leguminous plants, crop rotation, diverse perennial leys in crop rotation, seed selection		Lampkin (1990) Brown (1991) Naeem et al. (1994) Granstedt (1994) Granstedt (1995) Jackson (1997) Drinkwater et al. (1998) Isselstein et al. (2001) Mäder et al. (2002)
Biological control		Weed control management		Hoeing (manual weeding), crop rotation and intercropping within fields, undersown crops and catch crops to deter weeds, black fallows (Table 4), weed harrowing, delayed sowing after harrowing of annual weeds, geese as weed consumers, flame treatment on newly sown vegetable fields		Lampkin (1990) Ghersa et al. (1994) Rydberg and Milberg (2000)
		Pest control management		Social protection of pest-controlling species (Table 5), enhancing/creating habitat for pest-controlling species (Table 5), manual removal of pest insects on crops, intercropping and crop rotation within fields, crop diversification among fields, rotational grazing among pastures, alternating grazing of different livestock species to deter parasites, reserving parasite-free grazing for young stocks, timing of manure application to prevent infestation of visceral parasites, ley species that contain condensed tannins to prevent infestation of visceral parasites, hens as parasite controllers, spraying with nettle infusion to strengthen crops, preparation with steam to kill pathogens, overplanting, fallowing, burning of tick-infested areas		Brown (1991) Altieri (1994) Jackson (1997) Holland and Thomas (1997) Kromp (1999) Zhu et al. (2000) Wolfe (2000) Dimander (2003)
Nutrient recirculation		Nutrient supply		Integrated production of crops and livestock, composting and manuring of cattle dung and other organic matters, incorporating residues and weeds into the soil, intercropping and rotation with nitrogen-fixing crops, timing of manure application to maximize nutrient availability, improved leys with N-fixing species in rotations, green manure, social protection of subsurface creatures such as earthworms and mycorrhiza, long- and short-term fallowing, mulching with crop residues and weeds, leaving N-fixing weeds in the fields, trees and deeply rooted plants in and along fields		Magdoff (1992) Parton and Rasmussen (1994) Granstedt (1994) Granstedt (1995) Paul et al. (1997) Giller et al. (1997) Matson et al. (1998) Kling and Jakobsen (1998) Paoletti (1999) Mäder et al. (2002)
Buffering climate variability		Diversification		Crop diversification among fields, intercropping and crop rotation within fields, landscape diversification, multiple sowing dates		Tilman and Downing (1994) Altieri (1999) Brookfield (2001)
		Moisture conservation		Nurse crops or trees as shade, early spring harrowing to prevent capillary rise and evaporation, mulching, keeping continuous land cover (by crops, weeds, or mulch), shading trees		Reijntjes et al. (1992)
		Water harvesting		Dams for irrigation of vegetables, field structures to enhance infiltration		Reij et al. (1996), Rockström (2000)
		Groundwater regulation		Forest or tree protection, protection of water sources
Pollination		Protection and enhancement of pollinators		Enhancement of species habitats, social taboos on pollinator species, beehives, protection of early flowering species		Feber et al. (1997) Allen-Wardell et al. (1998) Weibull et al. (2000)
Information services		Biological indicators (Table 5B)		Indicators for timing of planting and harvest, indicators to predict weather, indicators of field conditions		Scott (1998)
Erosion control		Soil retention and water regulation		Contour planting, leveled fields, planting on tied ridges, mulching, keeping continuous land cover (by crops, weeds, or mulch), perennial crops along contours and field edges, cut-off drains and sluices		Reijntjes et al. (1992) Reij et al. (1996) Scoones (2001)