Link | Examples | Potential Problems |
(1) Between resource and resource users | Availability of water at time of need/availability of fish | Too much or too little water / too many uneconomic fish—too many valued fish |
(2) Between users and public infrastructure providers | Voting for providers Contributing resources Recommending policies Monitoring performance of providers | Indeterminacy / lack of participation Free riding Rent seeking Lack of information/free riding |
(3) Between public infrastructure providers and public infrastructure | Building initial structure Regular maintenance Monitoring and enforcing rules | Overcapitalization or undercapitalization Shirking disrupting temporal and spatial patterns of resource use Cost / corruption |
(4) Between public infrastructure and resource | Impact of infrastructure on the resource level | Ineffective |
(5) Between public infrastructure and resource dynamics | Impact of infrastructure on the feedback structure of the resource–harvest dynamics | Ineffective, unintended consequences |
(6) Between resource users and public infrastructure | Coproduction of infrastructure itself, maintenance of works, monitoring and sanctioning | No incentives / free riding |
(7) External forces on resource and infrastructure | Severe weather, earthquake, landslide, new roads | Destroys resource and infrastructure |
(8) External forces on social actors | Major changes in political system, migration, commodity prices, and regulation | Conflict, uncertainty, migration, greatly increased demand |