Table 1. Description of the explanatory variables (79) used in the analysis. Variables are grouped by Ecological variables (Eco – 22 variables), Land use and landscape metrics (Land – 24 variables) and Agro-economic variables (Ae – 33 variables).

Ecocological variables (Eco – 22 variables)

DescriptionCodeTypeScore

Maximum altitudeALT_MAXcontinuous87–445 m
Minimum altitudeALT_MINcontinuous25–372 m
Altitude variationDIF_ALTcontinuous18–134 m
LongitudeCOO_Xcontinuous154 015–291 345 m
LatitudeCOO_Ycontinuous65 670–288 930 m
Soils (acidity)ab-solodiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3] = soil acidity from acid soil (1) to alkaline soil (3)
pHab-pHdiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] = cartographic pH ranked from 1 to 7
Evapotranspirationab-evapdiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4] = potential evapotranspiration
(1: <400 mm; 4: 500–600 mm)
Maximum
temperature
ab-tem1discrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] = number of days with temperature <25ºC
(1: 30–60 days; 6: <150 days)
Humidityab-humdiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4] = air relative humidity
(1: 65–70%; 4: 80–85%)
Insolationab-soldiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] = insolation
(1: 2600–2700 hours; 5: 3000–3100 hours)
Number of days
with precipitation
ab-precddiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3] = number of days with precipitation <10 mm
(1: <50 days; 3: 75–100 days)
Average precipitationab-precdiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4] = annual average precipitation
(1: 400–500 mm; 4: 700–800 mm)
Cambisolsab-scbbinomial1/0
Litosolsab-sltbinomial1.0
Luvisolsab-slvbinomial1.0
Podzolsab-spzbinomial1.0
Vertisolsab-svtbinomial1.0
Average temperatureab-tempdiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4] = annual average temperature
(1: 12.5–15ºC; 4: <17.5ºC)
Date of first frostab-lgeaddiscrete
ordinal
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] = date of first frost
(1: from 20 September; 6 from 10 December)
Number of days with frostab-geadcontinuousFrost season expressed in days
(from 63 to 163 days)
pH in locopHcontinuouspH measured in the field

Land use and landscape metrics (Land – 24 variables)

DescriptionCodeTypeScore

Number of patchespa-npcontinuous7–37
Mean patch sizepa-mpcontinuousAverage patch size: 8.49–44.88
Median patch sizepa-mpscontinuous0.72–14.49
Patch size coefficient of variancepa-pvcontinuous100*ps/mps; 113.22–368.6
Patch size standard deviation (SD)pa-pscontinuousSD of patch areas: 11.34–105.40
Total edgepa-tecontinuous12 752–62 761 m
Edge densitypa-econtinuouste/buffer area: 0.68–3.33
Mean patch edgepa-mecontinuouste/np: 1245–3430
Mean shape indexpa-sicontinuous[sum (Edge patch/SqrArea)]/np:1.14–1.75
Area weighted mean shape indexpa-wsicontinuoussi/each patch area: 1.16–3.20
Mean perimeterpa-parcontinuousArea ratio [Sum(Edge patch)]/np: 239–3926
Mean patch fractal dimensionpa-facontinuous1.026–1.142
Area weighted
mean patch fractal dimension
pa-wfacontinuousfa/each patch area; 1.021–1.148
Social areasus-ascontinuousNumber of ha covered by social area
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 18 ha
Stream vegetationus-lacontinuousNumber of ha covered by stream vegetation
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 28 ha
Shrublandus-mtcontinuousNumber of ha covered by shrubland
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 218 ha
Montadous-mocontinuousNumber of ha covered by montado
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 303 ha
Scattered montadous-mdcontinuousNumber of ha covered by scattered montado
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 226 ha
Very scattered montadous-mmdcontinuousNumber of ha covered by over-scattered montado
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 179 ha
Grasslandus-pacontinuousNumber of ha covered by grassland
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 170 ha
Stationary watersus-agcontinuousNumber of ha covered by stationary waters
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 28 ha
Forestus-plcontinuousNumber of ha covered by forest
within each 1-km buffer;
from 0 to 229 ha
Treesus-arvcontinuousTree density montado index:
us-arv=3*us-mo+2*us-md+us-mdd;
from 77 to 910
Waterus-aguacontinuousWater index: Is-agua=us-la+us-ag;
from 0 to 32

Agro-economic (Ae – 33 variables)

DescriptionCodeTypeScore

Cork strippingae-dediscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Pruning (cork and holm oak)ae-podiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Tillingae-tsdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Shrub clearingae-lmdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Fireae-fldiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Thinningae-desdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Fertilizationae-addiscrete
ordinal/nominal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Fertilization typeae-taddiscrete
nominal
1 = sowing fertilization; 2 = coat fertilization;
3= sowing and coat fertilization
Herbicidesae-herdiscrete
ordinal/nominal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Insecticideae-insdiscrete
ordinal/nominal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Other pesticideae-opdiscrete
ordinal/nominal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Herdingae-padiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Sheepae-ovdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Goatsae-capdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Cowsae-bovdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Pigsae-sudiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Pen/shed occupancyae-pgdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2] = never, sometimes, all year round
Sheep densityae-docontinuousAverage density (number/ha), from 0 to 73
Goat densityae-dcpcontinuousAverage density (number/ha), from 0 to 2
Cow densityae-dbcontinuousAverage density (number/ha), from 0 to 1.5
Pig densityae-dscontinuousAverage density (number/ha), from 0 to 3.86
Huntingae-rediscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Percent area
hunting ground
ae-precontinuous[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Penae-apdiscrete
ordinal
[0, 1, 2, 3] = in 0, 1, 2, or 3 replicates
Average distance to water (m)ae-dagcontinuousFrom 10 to 2000 m
Exploration numberae-nexcontinuousFrom 1 to <10
Average expl. sizeae-dimcontinuousFrom 20 to 5000 ha
Occupied farmae-moccontinuousNumber of occupied farms, from 0 to 2
Abandoned farmae-mdescontinuousNumber of abandoned farms, from 0 to 2
Integrated protectionae-PIbinomial1/0
Integrated productionae-pribinomial1/0
Unirrigated cereal systemae-CSbinomial1/0
Extensive forager systemae-FEbinomial1/0