Fig. 6. Chittenden Meadow, showing the vegetation and its context. (a) The dense shrubs of the meadow (Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and tall Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and whitetailed deer in the foreground; the meadow–forest edge in the middle ground; and surrounding mountains in the background. (b) The encroaching woody vegetation at the meadow–forest boundary. The small trees visible in the foreground are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The purple flower is silky lupine (Lupinus sericeus).