Fig. A1.3. Bifurcation of simple fire model with respect to the growth rate of hardwood. When hardwood grows slowly both longleaf pine and hardwood are stable states, and longleaf pine is more resilient. As the rate of hardwood growth is increased the resilience of the longleaf state decreases and that of hardwood increases, until when the hardwood growth rate exceeds 0.17, there is no stable longleaf pine state and only hardwood is stable. Fire frequency = 3 yr/fire and fire kills 0.5 hardwood.