PLEASE NOTE: This is the Version 1.2 release of the global land cover characteristics data base. It has not yet been validated and is subject to review. Following validation, the data base will be modified based on the lessons learned. Comments from users of this data set are encouraged and will be considered for incorporation in later versions.
The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission are generating a 1-km resolution global land cover characteristics data base for use in a wide range of environmental research and modeling applications (Loveland and others, in press). The land cover characterization effort is part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System Pathfinder Program and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme-Data and Information System focus 1 activity. Funding for the project is provided by the USGS, NASA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Forest Service, and the United Nations Environment Programme.
The data set is derived from 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data spanning a 12-month period (April 1992-March 1993) and is based on a flexible data base structure and seasonal land cover regions concepts. Seasonal land cover regions provide a framework for presenting the temporal and spatial patterns of vegetation in the data base. The regions are composed of relatively homogeneous land cover associations (for example, similar floristic and physiognomic characteristics) which exhibit distinctive phenology (that is, onset, peak, and seasonal duration of greenness), and have common levels of primary production.
Rather than being based on precisely defined mapping units in a predefined land cover classification scheme, the seasonal land cover regions serve as summary units for both descriptive and quantitative attributes. The attributes may be considered as spreadsheets of region characteristics and permit updating, calculating, or transforming the entries into new parameters or classes. This provides the flexibility for using the land cover characteristics data base in a variety of models without extensive modification of model inputs.
The analytical strategy for global land cover characterization has evolved from methods initially tested during the development of a prototype 1-km land cover characteristics data base for the conterminous United States (Loveland and others, 1991, 1995; Brown and others, 1993). In the U.S. study, multitemporal AVHRR data, combined with other ancillary data sets, were used to produce a prototype land cover characteristics data base.
The global land cover characteristics data base is being developed on a continent-by-continent basis. All continents in the global data base share the same map projection (Interrupted Goode Homolosine), have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, and are based on 1-km AVHRR data spanning April 1992 through March 1993. While each continental data base has unique elements based on the salient geographic aspects of the specific continent, there are a common set of derived thematic maps produced through the aggregation of seasonal land cover regions. The thematic maps include:
Following the completion of the global data set, other attributes may be defined that would include region characteristics such as elevation (mean, median, mode, minimum, maximum, variance), representative soil characteristics, biome membership, and multitemporal NDVI statistics (mean, median, mode, minimum, maximum, variance) for each monthly composite period. All data used or generated during the course of the project (source, interpretations, attributes, and derived data), unless protected by copyrights or trade secret agreements, will be distributed.
One-kilometer AVHRR NDVI composites are the core data set used in land cover characterization. In addition, other key geographic data include digital elevation data, ecoregions interpretations, and country or regional-level vegetation and land cover maps. See Brown and others (1993) for a detailed discussion of the role of ancillary data for land cover characterization.
The base data used are the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 1-km AVHRR 10-day composites for April 1992 through March 1993 (Eidenshink and Faundeen, 1994). Multitemporal AVHRR NDVI data are used to divide the landscape into land cover regions, based on seasonality. While the primary AVHRR data used in the classification is NDVI, the individual channel data sets are used for postclassification characterization of certain landscape properties. A data quality evaluation was conducted and is reported by Zhu and Yang (1996).
3.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data
DEM data are used to model the ecological factors governing natural vegetation distribution, and are important for identifying land cover types and stratifying seasonal regions representing two or more disparate vegetation types.
Ecological regions data are used to identify regions with disparate land cover types and for stratifying seasonal regions representing two or more disparate vegetation types. Both continental and country level ecoregions data are used in this process.
Maps and atlases of ecoregions, soils, vegetation, land use, and land cover are used in the interpretation phase of the study and serve as reference data to guide class labeling.
4.0 Technical Description of Characterization Methods
The methods used can be described as a multitemporal unsupervised classification of NDVI data with post-classification refinement using multi-source earth science data. Monthly AVHRR NDVI maximum value composites for April, 1992 through March, 1993 are used to define seasonal greenness classes. Past investigations have demonstrated that classes developed from multitemporal NDVI data represent characteristic patterns of seasonality and correspond to relative patterns of productivity (Loveland and others, 1991; Brown and others, 1993).
The translation of the seasonal greenness classes to seasonal land cover regions require post-classification refinement with the addition of digital elevation, ecoregions data and a collection of other land cover/vegetation reference data. The interpretation is based on extensive use of computer-assisted image processing tools (Brown and others, in press); however, the classification process is not automated and more closely resembles a traditional manual image interpretation philosophy. There is a reliance on the skills of the human interpreter to make the final decisions regarding the relationship between spectral classes defined using unsupervised methods and landscape characteristics that are used to make land cover definitions.
The initial step in the process involves the preparation of the AVHRR NDVI data for use in the unsupervised classification. This requires recompositing the 10day composites into monthly data sets. The use of monthly rather than 10day composites represents a compromise between temporal frequency and the need for cloudfree data (Moody and Strahler, 1994). It also provides a means to reduce data volume while maintaining annual phenological information. Experience has shown that composites representing a longer period are more suitable for image classification due to the substantial improvement in composite quality (Zhu and Yang, 1996).
Masks representing water bodies, snow and ice, and barren or sparsely vegetated areas are developed to eliminate NDVI data from the composites for those areas where the meaning of the NDVI values is ambiguous. In addition, the masked data set has a reduced overall variance and the classes defined using unsupervised classifications are therefore more representative of landscape patterns. The water mask is developed through the interpretation of single-date AVHRR channel 2 (near-infrared) images supplemented with water body information taken from the Digital Chart of the World (Defense Mapping Agency, 1992). Snow and ice, barren, and sparsely vegetated masks are produced from a 12-month maximum value NDVI composite threshold values that vary according to continental characteristics.
4.2 Unsupervised Classification
The initial segmentation of the 12-month NDVI composites into seasonal greenness classes is performed using unsupervised clustering. This classification method is often used for studies in which the location and characteristics of specific classes are unknown. Unsupervised classification uses clustering to identify "natural" groupings of pixels with similar NDVI properties. In this case, the clusters correspond to annual sequences of greenup, peak, and senescence. The specific clustering algorithm used is CLUSTER, a variation of the K-Means algorithm that has been optimized for use with large data sets (Kelly and White, 1993). It is an iterative statistical clustering algorithm that defines clusters or groups of NDVI values with similar properties. The clustering is controlled by predetermined parameters for number of iterations and number of resulting clusters. The clusters are defined by channel mean vectors and covariance matrices. The specific number of clusters for each continent was based on an empirical evaluation of several clustering trials.
The purposes of the preliminary labeling step are to provide a general understanding of the characteristics of each cluster (or seasonal greenness class) and to determine which classes have two or more disparate land cover classes represented within their spatial distribution (e.g., a class may include a mixture of both broadleaf deciduous trees/shrubs and cropland). Preliminary labeling involves inspecting the spatial patterns and spectral or multitemporal statistics of each class, comparing each class to reference data, and making decisions concerning land cover types.
The preliminary labeling step includes two primary tasks. The first is the generation of statistics and graphics for each class, describing their relationship to the available ancillary data (for example, graphs profiling the temporal sequence of NDVI, graphs of class elevation ranges, and tabular summaries comparing the seasonal greenness classes to nominal data sets). The second task is the interpretation of the summaries, graphs, and reference data to determine the general land cover type or types associated with each seasonal greenness class and to identify the classes that represent two or more disparate land cover types. Typically, a minimum of three interpreters label each class. Where differences exist, the interpreters compare decisions and consult reference materials in order to arrive at a consensus.
4.4 Postclassification Stratification
Post-classification stratification is used to separate classes containing two or more disparate land cover types. Experience has shown that at least 70% of the seasonal greenness classes represent multiple land cover types (Brown and others, 1993; Running and others, 1995). Most of these types of problems are the result of spectral similarities between natural and agricultural land cover. These problems can usually be solved by developing criteria based on the relationship between the confused seasonal greenness classes and selected ancillary data sets. Elevation and ecoregions data have proven to be the most useful ancillary variables for post-classification stratification (Brown and others, 1993).
There are two tasks involved in the post-classification stratification step. The first is to determine the ancillary variables and preliminary decision rules that separate the classes identified in the preliminary labeling step as having multiple land cover types. The second task is to implement and refine the decision rules. Generally, this is an iterative process in which the initial criteria are tested, refined, and finally used to permanently modify the original class. This results in a number of new seasonal greenness classes, that through the following step, become the final map units (seasonal land cover regions). A complete history of the processing of each class is maintained.
4.5 Final Land Cover Characterization
Following the generation of the seasonal land cover regions in the postclassification stratification step, the remaining steps in data base development are: (1) generate final attributes; (2) determine the land cover type or types for each class; and (3) derive thematic data sets.
As with the preliminary labeling step, the final land cover characterization involves generating a suite of attributes that describe the characteristics of each seasonal land cover region. Both statistics and contingency tables are created between the final seasonal land cover regions layer and the respective ancillary variables (NDVI, AVHRR channels 15, elevation, ecoregions, etc.). The attributes are part of the global land cover characteristics database and, in addition, are used as evidence in the determining the final land cover types.
A convergence of evidence approach is used to determine the land cover type for each seasonal land cover class. All available documentation, including the region attributes, image maps, atlases, other existing land cover/vegetation maps, and any other relevant materials are consulted and compared to the spatial distribution of each region. As before, at least three interpreters are used to insure consistency.
The seasonal land cover regions are then translated into the Global Ecosystem framework (1994a, 1994b). Olson has defined 94 ecosystem classes that are based on their land cover mosaic, floristic properties, climate, and physiognomy. The Global Ecosystem framework provides a mechanism for tailoring data to the unique landscape conditions of each continent, while still providing a means for summarizing the data at the global level. The Global Ecosystem types have been cross-referenced to land cover classes in the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB), Simple Biosphere 2 Model, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), International GeosphereBiosphere Programme (IGBP), and USGS/Anderson (see Table 1).
Table 1. Example translation table to derived data legends.
Cluster Label Global Ecosystem BATS Scheme SiB Scheme IGBP Scheme
pine forest coniferous evergreen evergreen needleleaf
evergreen forest needleleaf needleleaf trees and
trees shrubs
oak/pine mixed mixed forest mixed forest broadleaf mixed trees and
forest deciduous shrubs
trees
The final task associated with this step is the generation of the derived data sets, including land cover and seasonal measures. In this step, the seasonal land cover regions are aggregated (or renumbered) into the appropriate classes of the output classification legends. Urban areas, extracted from the Digital Chart of the World (Defense Mapping Agency, 1992)are added to three of the derived data sets: Global Ecosystems, IGBP Land Cover, and the USGS Land Use/Land Cover system.
The following derived data sets are included in the global land cover data base:
The legends for each of these derived data sets can be found in Appendices 1-6.
The global land cover characteristics data are in a flat, headerless raster format. The raster images contain class number values for each pixel that correspond to the appropriate land cover classification scheme legend. Data are distributed as compressed and uncompressed single-band images. The files can be obtained either by anonymous file transfer protocol (ftp) or downloaded from the EDC Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) World Wide Web site: (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/globe_int.html). The instructions for accessing these files are contained in the following two sections.
6.1 Anonymous FTP for PC or UNIX Users
6.2 Downloading from the World Wide Web Site
On the Global Land Cover page contains links to all documentation files and the image files (both compressed and uncompressed). NOTE: World Wide Web browsers can vary in how the files will be downloaded. On PCs, some browsers will allow a user to interactively select the location where the file will be saved and to edit the file name. However, on certain browsers files may be automatically downloaded to a default storage location on the local system.
The land cover characteristics data base is available for each of five continental areas and for the entire globe. The continental land cover characteristics data bases are available in two different map projections: the Interrupted Goode Homolosine and the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (see Steinwand, 1994, and Steinwand and others, 1995, for a complete description of these projections). The geometric characteristics for each continent are described in the individual documentation files for each continental data set. The global data are available in one projection only--the Interrupted Goode Homolosine projection.
The data dimensions of the Interrupted Goode Homolosine projection for the global land cover characteristics data set are 17347 lines (rows) and 40031 samples (columns) resulting in a data set size of approximately 695 megabytes for 8-bit (byte) images. The following is a summary of the map projection parameters used for the global data sets:
Projection Type: Interrupted Goode Homolosine
Units of measure: meters
Pixel Size: 1000 meters
Radius of sphere: 6370997 m.
XY corner coordinates (center of pixel) in projection units (meters):
Lower left: (-20015000, -8673000)
Upper left: (-20015000, 8673000)
Upper right: (20015000, 8673000)
Lower right: (20015000, -8673000)
FILE (OR DIRECTORY) DATA DESCRIPTION TYPE
/pub/data/glcc/globe Globe
globedoc1_2.txt
ascii
Global
readme text
bats.leg
ascii
BATS
legend
igbp.leg
ascii
IGBP
legend
oge.leg
ascii
Global
Ecosystems legend
sib.leg
ascii
SIB
legend
sib2.leg
ascii
SIB2
legend
usgs.leg
ascii
USGS
land use/land cover legend
gbats1_2.img.gz
byte
BATS
image
gigbp1_2.img.gz
byte
IGBP
image
goge1_2.img.gz
byte
Global
Ecosystems image
gsib1_2.img.gz
byte
SIB
image
gsib21_2.img.gz
byte
SIB2
image
gusgs1_2.img.gz
byte
USGS
land use/land cover image
Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach J.T., and Witmer R.E., 1976, A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, 28 p.
Belward, A.S., ed., 1996, The IGBP-DIS global 1 km land cover data set (DISCover)-proposal and implementation plans: IGBP-DIS Working Paper No. 13, Toulouse, France, 61 p.
Brown, J.F., Loveland, T.R., Merchant, J.W., Reed, B.C., and Ohlen, D.O., 1993, Using multisource data in global land cover characterization: concepts, requirements and methods: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 59, p. 977-987.
Brown, J.F., Reed, B.C, and Huewe L., in press. Advanced strategy for multi-source analysis and visualization in land cover characterization, in Proceedings, Pecora 13, Human Interactions with the Environment: Perspectives From Space.
Defense Mapping Agency, 1992, Development of the Digital Chart of the World: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Dickinson, R.E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Kennedy, P.J., and Wilson, M.F., 1986, Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) for the NCAR community climate model: NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN275+STR, Boulder, CO. 69 p.
Eidenshink, J.C. and Faundeen, J.L., 1994, The 1 km AVHRR global land data set-first stages in implementation: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3,443-3,462.
Kelly, P.M. and White, J.M., 1993, Preprocessing remotely sensed data for efficient analysis and classification, in SPIE Vol. 1963, Applications of artificial intelligence, 1993--knowledge-based systems in aerospace and industry, p. 2,430-2,439
Loveland, T.R., Merchant, J.W., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D.O., Reed, B.C., Olson, P., and Hutchinson, J., 1995, Seasonal land-cover regions of the United States: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 85, no. 2, p. 339-355.
Loveland, T.R., Merchant, J.W., Ohlen, D.O. and Brown, J.F., 1991, Development of a land-cover characteristics database for the conterminous U.S.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 57, no. 11, p. 1,453-1,463.
Loveland, T.R., Ohlen, D.O., Brown, J.F., Reed, B.C., Zhu, Z., Merchant, J.W., and Yang, L., in press. Western hemisphere land cover-progress toward a global land cover characteristics database, in Proceedings, Pecora 13, Human Interventions with the Environment: Perspectives From Space.
Moody, A., and Strahler, A.H., 1994, Characteristics of composited AVHRR data and problems in their classification: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3,473-3,491.
Olson, J.S., 1994a, Global ecosystem framework-definitions: USGS EROS Data Center Internal Report, Sioux Falls, SD, 37 p.
_____ 1994b, Global ecosystem framework-translation strategy: USGS EROS Data Center Internal Report, Sioux Falls, SD, 39 p.
Reed, B.C., Brown, J.F., VanderZee, D., Loveland, T.R., Merchant, J.W., and Ohlen, D.O., 1994, Variability of land cover phenology in the United States: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 5, p. 703-714.
Running, S.W., Loveland, T.R., Pierce, L.L., R.R. Nemani, and Hunt, E.R., 1995, A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 51, p. 3,948-3,952.
Sellers, P.J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y.C., and Dalcher A., 1986, A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models: Journal of Atmospheric Science, v. 43, p. 505-531.
Sellers, P.J., Randall, D.A., Collatz, G.J., Berry, J.A., Field, C.B., Dazlich, D.A., Zhang, C., Collelo, G.D., and Bounoua, L., 1996, A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs - Part I-model formulation: Journal of Climate, v. 9, p. 676-705.
Steinwand, D.R., 1994, Mapping raster imagery to the Interrupted Goode Homolosine projection: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3,463-3,472.
Steinwand, D.R., Hutchinson, J.A., and Snyder, J.P. ,1995, Map projections for global and continental data sets and an analysis of pixel distortion caused by reprojection: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 61, p. 1,487-1,497.
Zhu, Z., and Yang, L., 1996, Characteristics of the 1-km AVHRR data set for North America: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 17, p. 1,915-1,924.
Global Ecosystems Legend
Value Description
1 Urban
2 Low Sparse Grassland
3 Coniferous Forest
4 Deciduous Conifer Forest
5 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
6 Evergreen Broadleaf Forests
7 Tall Grasses and Shrubs
8 Bare Desert
9 Upland Tundra
10 Irrigated Grassland
11 Semi Desert
12 Glacier Ice
13 Wooded Wet Swamp
14 Inland Water
15 Sea Water
16 Shrub Evergreen
17 Shrub Deciduous
18 Mixed Forest and Field
19 Evergreen Forest and Fields
20 Cool Rain Forest
21 Conifer Boreal Forest
22 Cool Conifer Forest
23 Cool Mixed Forest
24 Mixed Forest
25 Cool Broadleaf Forest
26 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
27 Conifer Forest
28 Montane Tropical Forests
29 Seasonal Tropical Forest
30 Cool Crops and Towns
31 Crops and Town
32 Dry Tropical Woods
33 Tropical Rainforest
34 Tropical Degraded Forest
35 Corn and Beans Cropland
36 Rice Paddy and Field
37 Hot Irrigated Cropland
38 Cool Irrigated Cropland
39 Cold Irrigated Cropland
40 Cool Grasses and Shrubs
41 Hot and Mild Grasses and Shrubs
42 Cold Grassland
43 Savanna (Woods)
44 Mire, Bog, Fen
45 Marsh Wetland
46 Mediterranean Scrub
47 Dry Woody Scrub
48 Dry Evergreen Woods
49 Volcanic Rock
50 Sand Desert
51 Semi Desert Shrubs
52 Semi Desert Sage
53 Barren Tundra
54 Cool Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forests
55 Cool Fields and Woods
56 Forest and Field
57 Cool Forest and Field
58 Fields and Woody Savanna
59 Succulent and Thorn Scrub
60 Small Leaf Mixed Woods
61 Deciduous and Mixed Boreal Forest
62 Narrow Conifers
63 Wooded Tundra
64 Heath Scrub
65 Coastal Wetland, NW
66 Coastal Wetland, NE
67 Coastal Wetland, SE
68 Coastal Wetland, SW
69 Polar and Alpine Desert
70 Glacier Rock
71 Salt Playas
72 Mangrove
73 Water and Island Fringe
74 Land, Water, and Shore (see Note 1)
75 Land and Water, Rivers (see Note 1)
76 Crop and Water Mixtures
77 Southern Hemisphere Conifers
78 Southern Hemisphere Mixed Forest
79 Wet Sclerophylic Forest
80 Coastline Fringe
81 Beaches and Dunes
82 Sparse Dunes and Ridges
83 Bare Coastal Dunes
84 Residual Dunes and Beaches
85 Compound Coastlines
86 Rocky Cliffs and Slopes
87 Sandy Grassland and Shrubs
88 Bamboo
89 Moist Eucalyptus
90 Rain Green Tropical Forest
91 Woody Savanna
92 Broadleaf Crops
93 Grass Crops
94 Crops, Grass, Shrubs
Note 1: In Version 1.2, all water is mapped to one digital value (14).
IGBP Land Cover Legend
Value Description
1 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
2 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
3 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
4 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
5 Mixed Forest
6 Closed Shrublands
7 Open Shrublands
8 Woody Savannas
9 Savannas
10 Grasslands
11 Permanent Wetlands
12 Croplands
13 Urban and Built-Up
14 Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic
15 Snow and Ice
16 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
17 Water Bodies
4.4 USGS Land Use/Land Cover System Legend (Modified Level 2)
Value Code Description 1 100 Urban and Built-Up Land 2 211 Dryland Cropland and Pasture 3 212 Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 4 213 Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 5 280 Cropland/Grassland Mosaic 6 290 Cropland/Woodland Mosaic 7 311 Grassland 8 321 Shrubland 9 330 Mixed Shrubland/Grassland 10 332 Savanna 11 411 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 12 412 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest 13 421 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest 14 422 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest 15 430 Mixed Forest 16 500 Water Bodies 17 620 Herbaceous Wetland 18 610 Wooded Wetland 19 770 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated 20 820 Herbaceous Tundra 21 810 Wooded Tundra 22 850 Mixed Tundra 23 830 Bare Ground Tundra 24 900 Snow or Ice
Simple Biosphere Model Legend
Value Description
1 Evergreen Broadleaf Trees
2 Broadleaf Deciduous Trees
3 Deciduous and Evergreen Trees
4 Evergreen Needleleaf Trees
5 Deciduous Needleleaf Trees
6 Ground Cover with Trees and Shrubs
7 Groundcover Only
8 Broadleaf Shrubs with Perennial Ground Cover
9 Broadleaf Shrubs with Bare Soil
10 Groundcover with Dwarf Trees and Shrubs
11 Bare Soil
12 Agriculture or C3 Grassland
17 Persistent Wetland
18 Dry Coastal Complexes
19 Water
20 Ice Cap and Glacier
Simple Biosphere 2 Model Legend
Value Description
1 Broadleaf Evergreen Trees
2 Broadleaf Deciduous Trees
3 Broadleaf and Needleleaf Trees
4 Needleleaf Evergreen Trees
5 Needleleaf Deciduous Trees
6 Short Vegetation/C4 Grassland
7 Shrubs with Bare Soil
8 Dwarf Trees and Shrubs
9 Agriculture or C3 Grassland
10 Water, Wetlands, Ice/Snow
Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme Legend
Value Description
1 Crops, Mixed Farming
2 Short Grass
3 Evergreen Needleleaf Trees
4 Deciduous Needleleaf Tree
5 Deciduous Broadleaf Trees
6 Evergreen Broadleaf Trees
7 Tall Grass
8 Desert
9 Tundra
10 Irrigated Crops
11 Semidesert
12 Ice Caps and Glaciers
13 Bogs and Marshes
14 Inland Water
15 Ocean
16 Evergreen Shrubs
17 Deciduous Shrubs
18 Mixed Forest
19 Interrupted Forest
20 Water and Land Mixtures