Table 7. Need for improved monitoring and prediction and improvement of measures for coping with floods and droughts in six of the seven basins studied. The Nile, which runs through 10 countries, was not included because of insufficient data. Table 7A. Improved monitoring and prediction and improvement of measures for coping with floods needed. River basin Improved monitoring and prediction of flood and drought risk          Structural measures for flood control Nonstructural measures for flood control Social measures for flood control Amudarya     Improved monitoring Better prediction of extreme events Updating and maintenance Increase of water storage in wetlands in lower reach for flood and drought mitigation Improved warning systems Better public awareness and preparedness Functional insurance Elbe Better prediction of extreme events under climate change with uncertainty ranges Maintenance and updating Increasing natural water retention and retardation in catchments Improved awareness Improved preparedness Guadiana Quantitative and qualitative monitoring of aquifer bodies Needed only for small creeks where flash floods may take place Needed in regard to land-use patterns in some areas of the middle and lower basin Needed only in areas of small creeks where flash floods may take place Orange Improved monitoring and prediction of extreme events, particularly drought prediction because of marginal agriculture Potential for dam in lower Orange River Improved land-use schemes A general need for improvement of land management, including wetland rehabilitation Improved warning systems Better awareness and preparedness Improved insurance schemes Rhine Better low flow and drought prediction Maintenance and updating, which are sometimes complicated by conflicting interests Creation of more room for water Spatial planning Raising awareness Updating of flood emergency plan Tisza Improved monitoring and prediction of extreme events New reservoirs and polders as set forth in the Vásárhelyi Plan Spatial river basin planning Increased water storage Distribution management Integration of local population and farmers Improved information systems Hazard awareness and preparedness Insurance packages Table 7B. Improvement of measures for coping with droughts needed. River basin Supply-side measures Demand-side measures Amudarya Increase in water storage Improved water supply management Improvement of interstate cooperation Economic, legal, and technical water-saving measures Increase in water-use efficiency Changes in cropping patterns Elbe Improved management in view of higher frequency of droughts Optimization of water allocation schemes in case of droughts Changes in crop rotations Introduction of new crop varieties Guadiana Maintenance of two large reservoirs Control of illegal groundwater extraction Introduction of water-efficient crops Improved and more efficient irrigation methods Water pricing Exchange of groundwater rights Orange Increasing storage potential for surface water to compensate for variability in rainfall Improved irrigation practices Improved control of groundwater extraction Rhine Enhanced drinking water supply by surface water Setting priorities for water use in low-flow and drought periods Incorporating the expected effects of climate change in water management More efficient use of water for irrigation Tisza Improved storage of spring flood water and its distribution during growing season Reactivation of fok-channel system and river bolsons under discussion Setting priorities for water use during droughts More efficient use of water for irrigation