Anticipating and Managing Future Trade-offs and Complementarities between Ecosystem Services
Mark S Reed,
Birmingham City UniversityKlaus Hubacek,
University of MarylandAletta Bonn,
University of SheffieldTim P Burt,
University of DurhamJoseph Holden,
University of LeedsLindsay C Stringer,
University of LeedsNesha Beharry-Borg,
University of LeedsSarah Buckmaster,
UK Collaborative on Development SciencesDan Chapman,
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, EdinburghPippa J Chapman,
University of LeedsGareth D Clay,
University of ManchesterStephen J Cornell,
University of LeedsAndrew J Dougill,
University of LeedsAnna C. Evely,
Project Maya Community Interest CompanyEvan D. G. Fraser,
University of GuelphNanlin Jin,
Brunel UniversityBrian J Irvine,
University of LeedsMike J Kirkby,
University of LeedsWilliam E Kunin,
University of LeedsChristina Prell,
University of MarylandClaire H Quinn,
University of LeedsBill Slee,
James Hutton InstituteSigrid Stagl,
Vienna University of Economics and BusinessMette Termansen,
Aarhus UniversitySimon Thorp,
The Heather TrustFred Worrall,
University of Durham
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04924-180105
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Abstract
This paper shows how, with the aid of computer models developed in close collaboration with decision makers and other stakeholders, it is possible to quantify and map how policy decisions are likely to affect multiple ecosystem services in future. In this way, potential trade-offs and complementarities between different ecosystem services can be identified, so that policies can be designed to avoid the worst trade-offs, and where possible, enhance multiple services. The paper brings together evidence from across the Rural Economy and Land Use Programme’s Sustainable Uplands project for the first time, with previously unpublished model outputs relating to runoff, agricultural suitability, biomass, heather cover, age, and utility for Red Grouse (
Lagopus scotica), grass cover, and accompanying scenario narratives and video. Two contrasting scenarios, based on policies to extensify or intensify land management up to 2030, were developed through a combination of interviews and discussions during site visits with stakeholders, literature review, conceptual modeling, and process-based computer models, using the Dark Peak of the Peak District National Park in the UK as a case study. Where extensification leads to a significant reduction in managed burning and grazing or land abandonment, changes in vegetation type and structure could compromise a range of species that are important for conservation, while compromising provisioning services, amenity value, and increasing wildfire risk. However, where extensification leads to the restoration of peatlands damaged by former intensive management, there would be an increase in carbon sequestration and storage, with a number of cobenefits, which could counter the loss of habitats and species elsewhere in the landscape. In the second scenario, land use and management was significantly intensified to boost UK self-sufficiency in food. This would benefit certain provisioning services but would have negative consequences for carbon storage and water quality and would lead to a reduction in the abundance of certain species of conservation concern. The paper emphasizes the need for spatially explicit models that can track how ecosystem services might change over time, in response to policy or environmental drivers, and in response to the changing demands and preferences of society, which are far harder to anticipate. By developing such models in close collaboration with decision makers and other stakeholders, it is possible to depict scenarios of real concern to those who need to use the research findings. By engaging these collaborators with the research findings through film, it was possible to discuss adaptive options to minimize trade-offs and enhance the provision of multiple ecosystem services under the very different future conditions depicted by each scenario. By preparing for as wide a range of futures as possible in this way, it may be possible for decision makers to act rapidly and effectively to protect and enhance the provision of ecosystem services in the face of unpredictable future change.
Key words
blanket bog; ecosystem services; heath; mountain; moorland; payments for ecosystem services; Peak District National Park; upland
Copyright © 2013 by the author(s). Published here under license by The Resilience Alliance. This article is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. You may share and adapt the work for noncommercial purposes provided the original author and source are credited, you indicate whether any changes were made, and you include a link to the license.