Table 5. Examples of wild species and their role in relation to farming practices in Roslagen, Sweden, and the Mbulu highlands, Tanzania. This is not an exhaustive list of the species used in management practices. More details were identified in the Swedish case study, which was carried out in response to the findings in Tanzania.

A. Wild species considered by the farmers as agents in agroecosystem.

A.1. Mbulu highlands

Species
    
Use/Functional role
Scientific name        
  
Local name    
Commelina sp.   Nii   "Good weeds," nitrogen fixation, nutrient storage, shade
Solanum nakurense   Mnafu  
Kedrostis hirtella   Tangi  
Physalis peruviana   Maandu  
Desmodium sp.   Tsamu  
Fabaceae   Several species  
Poaceae   Fongi  
Asteracea   Lilaway  
Brassicaceae   Mangananaati  

A.2. Roslagen
Species
    
Use/Functional role
Scientific name
  
Local/English name
Plantago major   Groblad/Greater plantain   "Good weeds," nitrogen fixation, nutrient storage, shade
Centaurea cyanus   Blåklint/Cornflower  
Bromus secalinus   Råglosta/Rye brome  
Medicago lupulina   Humlelucern/Lucerne  
Matricaria chamomilla   Kamomill/Chamomile  
Lotus corniculatis   Käringtand/Common Bird's foot-trefoil   Sown in leys to prevent growth of visceral parasites (high content of condensed tannins)
Cichorium intybus   Cikoria/Chickory  
Plantago lanceolata   Svartkämpe/Ribwort plantain  
Urtica dioica   Brännässla/Stinging nettle   Strengthening plants to avoid pest infestation

B. Species embraced by social protection and their ecological function.

B.1. Mbulu highlands

Species or species groups
        
Prohibition against harming
       Functional role
Scientific name
  
Local/English name
Apis spp.   Honeybees  
Yes
   Pollinates
Dendroaspis polylepsis   Tlawqati/black mamba  
Yes
   Regulates pest species
Dendroaspis angusticeps   Amaposi/green mamba  
Yes
   Regulates pest species
Buphagus erythrorhynchus   oxpecker  
Yes
   Regulates ticks on livestock
  Earthworms  
Yes
   Promotes nutrient recirculation and soil formation
Single large trees in the landscape, for example  
Yes
   Conserves water and biodiversity†
Ficus sp.   Antsi  
Yes
  
...
Acacia sp.   Gaermo  
Yes
  
...
Erythrina abyssinica   Tiita  
Yes
  
...
  Guami, Har-i, Taewi, Sonkaramo  
Yes
  
...
†Colding and Folke (2001).

B.2. Roslagen
Species or species groups
        
      Social protection       Functional role
Scientific name
  
Local/English name    
Bombus spp.   Humla/bumblebee   Prohibition against harming, habitat enhancement   Pollinates
Salix caprea   Sälg/great sallow   Cutting restrictions   Provides early season food for pollinators
Coccenellidae   Nyckelpigor/ladybugs   Prohibition against harming   Regulates pest species
Araneidae   Spindlar/spiders   Prohibition against harming   Regulates pest species
  Earthworms   Prohibition against harming   Promotes nutrient recirculation and soil formation
Sturnus vulgaris   Stare/starling   Improve nesting habitats   Regulates insect populations
    Mesar/titmice   Improve nesting habitats   Regulates insect populations
    Svalor/swallows   Improve nesting habitats   Regulates insect populations
    Ugglor/owls   Prohibition against harming, improve nesting habitats   Regulates pests such as mice
"Underjordingar"/"subsurface creatures," i.e., earthworms and mycorrhiza-forming species   Management recommendations   Promotes nutrient recirculation and soil formation

C. Wild species used as agroecosystem indicators.

C.1. Mbulu highlands

Species
        
Monitored feature
Indicates
Scientific name        
   Local name
Pteridium aquilinium   Tslarhama  
Presence
  
Infertile soils
Species with shallow roots and broad leaves  
Presence and density
  
Fertile soils

C.2. Roslagen
Species
        
Monitored feature
Indicates        
Scientific name        
       Local/english name
Betula sp.   Björk/birch   Leaf size   Time for sowing
Jynx torquilla   Göktyta/Eurasian wryneck   Song (in spring)   Time for sowing
Dryocopus martius   Spillkråka/black woodpecker   Song   Approaching rain
    Svalor/swallows   Flying   Approaching rain
    Myror/ants   Low flight   Approaching rain
Rhinanthus serotinus   Höskallra/greater yellow-rattle   Seed capsule maturity   Time for hay harvest
Urticaria dioca   Nässlor/stinging nettles   Presence   Fertile soil
Chenopodium sp.   Målla/goose-foot   Presence   Fertile soil
Centaurea cyanus   Blåklint/cornflower   Presence   Silty soils poor in nutrients
Papaver rhoeas   Kornvallmo/common poppy   Presence   Silty soils poor in nutrients
Equisetum arvense   Åkerfräken/common horsetail   Presence   Silty soils poor in nutrients
Persicaria sp.   Pilört/red shank   Presence   Humid organic soils
Ranunculus repens   Revsmörblomma/creeping buttercup   Presence   Humid organic soils
Tussilago farfara   Tussilago/coltsfoot   Presence   Clay soils
Sonchus arvensis   Åkermolke/corn thistle   Presence   Clay soils
Pinguicula vulgaris   Tärört/butterwort   Presence   Insufficiently drained soils
Juncus effusus   Veketåg/soft-rush   Presence   Insufficiently drained soils
Bryophyta   Mossor/mosses   Presence   Compacted soils
Elymus repens   Kvivkrot/crouch grass   Presence   Well aerated soils
    Måsar/gulls   High abundance during soil preparation   Active soil biota