Table 1. Structural manipulation trends differences (mean ± SD) for pre- to post-treatment ecological group measures at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge. Bias-adjusted effect size, 95% confidence interval of effect size, and F-values and probabilities for analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) tests are reported. ANOVA models tested main effects of the structural manipulation treatment (n = 12) against the control (n = 10). Significance values of tests are indicated in bold at P < 0.05, whereas marginal significance values (P < 0.10) are in italics.

Ecological group  
Control
  
Treatment
  
Effect
  
95% CI
  
ANOVA
   
plot
  
plot
  
size
  
 
   
 
  
 
  
 
  
Lower
  
Upper
  
F
  
P
Canopy intercept  
-4.16
(±15.04)
  
-62.14
(±36.89)
  
-1.97
  
-3.04
  
-0.90
  
21.18
  
< 0.001
Species richness  
-1.92
(±3.23)
  
0.90
(±2.51)
  
0.92
  
0.04
  
1.81
  
5.04
  
0.036
Diversity  
-0.54
(±0.49)
  
0.66
(±0.95)
  
1.58
  
0.62
  
2.54
  
14.69
  
0.001
Evenness  
-0.14
(±0.18)
  
0.22
(±0.31)
  
1.45
  
0.50
  
2.39
  
12.35
  
0.002
Modal savanna  
3.73
(±7.16)
  
8.06
(±4.10)
  
0.70
  
-0.17
  
1.56
  
2.86
  
0.106
Modal southern forest  
16.43
(±12.90)
  
13.78
(±28.50)
  
-0.12
  
-0.96
  
0.72
  
0.08
  
0.775
Modal northern forest  
-1.92
(±6.37)
  
-0.54
(±3.60)
  
0.25
  
-0.59
  
1.09
  
0.37
  
0.551
Modal grassland  
0.17
(±6.50)
  
6.62
(±8.30)
  
0.84
  
-0.03
  
1.72
  
4.19
  
0.054
Forbs  
-0.58
(±3.14)
  
1.36
(±4.63)
  
0.48
  
-0.37
  
1.33
  
1.37
  
0.256
C3 grasses  
0.73
(±2.75)
  
13.28
(±12.44)
  
0.87
  
-0.01
  
1.74
  
11.63
  
0.003
C4 grasses  
-0.22
(±1.66)
  
0.52
(±0.98)
  
0.51
  
-0.34
  
1.36
  
1.53
  
0.230
Sedges  
17.63
(±13.34)
  
13.90
(±28.00)
  
-0.17
  
-1.01
  
0.67
  
0.17
  
0.686
Shrubs  
-0.57
(±6.16)
  
2.16
(±4.90)
  
0.47
  
-0.38
  
1.32
  
1.28
  
0.271
Ferns  
-0.70
(±0.73)
  
2.68
(±3.73)
  
1.27
  
0.35
  
2.19
  
6.39
  
0.020
Trees  
2.02
(±7.17)
  
3.36
(±3.29)
  
0.22
  
-0.62
  
1.07
  
0.30
  
0.592
Legume  
0.05
(±2.22)
  
0
(±0)
  
-0.03
  
-0.87
  
0.81
  
0.01
  
0.944
Vines  
0
(±0)
  
0
(±0)
  
0
  
0
  
0
  
0
  
0