Fig. 1. Conceptual framework of modes and processes of forest governance. The three main sectors are state, market, and civil society, and the models of governance are state-centric, market-oriented, polycentric, and network. These occur across scales from the national to the community level, along with the paired processes of decentralization and deliberation. Nodes and solid lines represent network governance; dashed arrows represent the processes of decentralization and deliberation.