Table 2. Advocacy coalitions in the REDD+ policy domain in Papua New Guinea.

Advocacy coalitions
(promoting transformational change [TC] or business as usual [BAU])
Influence score (percentage of policy actors that nominated this coalition) REDD+ policy preferences Coalition resources
(adapted from Weible [2006] and Sabatier and Weible [2007])
Coalition members
(number of organizations out of actor group; percentage of actor group)
Sustainable development
(TC)
14.33 (32%) •That REDD+ covers opportunity costs of forest conservation
•Economic diversification/“green growth”
•Governance and institutional reform
•Evidence-based/good public policy
•Formal legal authority to make policy decisions
•Information
•Financial resources
•Donors (n=10; 100%)
•Research institutions (n=8; 100%)
•Domestic NGOs (n=5; 50%)
•Int. NGOs (n=5; 50%)
•Government (n=3; 25%)
•Private sector (n=3; 25%)
•Int. organizations (n=1; 50%)
Sustainable livelihoods
(TC)
14.00 (31%) •Social and environmental safeguards
•Multistakeholder governance
•Information and awareness raising for resource owners
•Equitable benefit-sharing arrangements
•Community-based REDD+
•Public opinion
•Information
•Supporters that can be mobilized
•Domestic NGOs (n=9; 75%)
•International NGOs (n=5; 50%)
•Private sector (n=1; 8%)
Status quo
(BAU)
20.42 (45%) •No halt to commercial logging
•Reduced impact logging/secondary forest management as part of REDD+
•No voluntary carbon projects
•Central government coordination/control
•Minimal conditions on international funds
•Formal legal authority to make policy decisions
•Information
•Financial resources
•Government (n=8; 67%)
•Private sector (n=4; 33%)
Carbon entrepreneurs
(BAU)
12.33 (27%) •Policy to support voluntary carbon projects
•Little central government control/oversight (projects negotiated directly
with resource owners)
•No focus on governance reforms or building enabling environment
•Information
•Financial resources
•Private sector (n=4; 33%)
•International organizations (n=1; 50%)
•Government (n=1; 8%)