Table 3. Effects of the forest management alternatives (FMAs) on multiple forest ecosystem services.



Productive functions			FMA 1, nature reserve	FMA 2, low intervention	FMA 3, mixed approach	FMA 4, timber	FMA 5, biomass


Mean annual increment (merchantable m³ha⁻¹yr⁻¹)			0	8	10	14	14
Land expectation value (LEV)
	1% (€ ha⁻¹)		0	10630	16492	19232	21771
	2% (€ ha⁻¹)		0	2641	4955	4237	5427
	3% (€ ha⁻¹)		0	601	1734	64	783
	4% (€ ha⁻¹)		0	−73	512	−1523	−1050
	5% (€ ha⁻¹)		0	−303	2	−2180	−1856
Carbon
	C stock living (tons C ha⁻¹)		177	112	85	97	97
	C stock dead (tons C ha⁻¹)		20	6	5	6	1
	C harvested (tons C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		0	2,1	2,3	2,7	3.5
	C assimilated (tons C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) (based on NG_total^†)		4.5	3.9	3.7	4.2	4.2
Nutrients / acidification
	N deposition − harvesting (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		17	10	14	18	6
	P deposition − harvesting (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		0.2	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5	−1.8
	K deposition − harvesting (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		2.0	−2.4	−1.8	−1.1	−6.4
	Ca deposition − harvesting (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		2.7	−5.0	−4.3	−3.6	−10
	Mg deposition − harvesting (kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		0.7	-0.4	0.2	0	-0.9
	Acidification due to harvesting (kmol H⁺ eqv ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		0	0.6	0.6	0.6	1.1
	Potential acidification due to nitrate leaching (kmol H⁺ eqv ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹)		1.2	0.7	1.0	1.3	0.4
Water
	Runoff^‡ (mm yr⁻¹)		579	622	622	556	557
	Nitrate in runoff (mg NO₃−-N l⁻¹)		2.9	1.6	2.3	3.3	1.2
Biodiversity
	Woody debris
		Fine (m³ha⁻¹)	34	25	36	46	11
		Coarse (m³ha⁻¹)	129	26	7	0	0
	Trees, average dbh
		>40 cm (N ha⁻¹)	44	36	41	51	51
		>60 cm (N ha⁻¹)	21	10	5	1	1
		>70 cm (N ha⁻¹)	15	4	1	0	0
		>80 cm (N ha⁻¹)	11	2	0	0	0
		>100 cm (N ha⁻¹)	6	1	0	0	0
	Trees, number of species (N ha⁻¹)		7	7	2	1	1

^† Net growth (NG_total) is defined here as net total biomass growth (t_C ha⁻¹yr⁻¹) without continuous losses of foliage, branch, or root biomass as trees grow. ^‡ Mean annual precipitation was 1050 mm yr⁻¹. Evapotranspiration is the difference between precipitation and runoff.