Table 2. Tipping points for regime shifts in the respective subsystems and the impact of the respective trajectories on selected ecosystem services.



Subsystem	Offshore wind farm scenario tipping points	Impacts on ecosystem service provision

		Global climate regulation^†	Provision of food^‡	Provision of wind energy^‡	Aesthetics of seascape^§	Seascape character, sense of place, inspiration^§	Cultural identity^§

Ecosystem	Artificial reef emergence	+	+	+		+
	Resilient ecosystem behavior	+		+			+
	Ecosystem degradation	+	-	+	-	-	-
Seascape	OWF construction	+	(+)	+	+/-	+/-	+/-
Socioeconomic system	Energy region acceptance	+		+	+	+	+
Socioeconomic system	Loss of traditional identity and slow degradation	+		+	-	-	-

^† = regulating ecosystem services, ^‡ = provisioning services, ^§ = cultural services, + = positive impact, - = negative impact, blank field = no impact, OWF = offshore wind farm