|
|
|
Ecosystem service or benefit |
Description |
Supporting references† |
|
Food and resource security
|
Physical, social, and economic access to food sources
and other resources from tropical marine ecosystems
|
1–3
|
Ocean recreation, tourism, and coastal
livelihoods
|
Employment and income from fisheries, tourism, and
recreational industry-based livelihoods; recreational use
|
1–4
|
Coastal protection
|
Flooding protection and wave attenuation from
storms, extreme tides, tsunamis, and other disturbances
|
1–2
|
Socio-cultural services
|
Aesthetic, cultural, religious, and spiritual values,
services, practices, and traditions
|
1–4
|
Biogeochemical cycling
|
Transformation, detoxification, and sequestration of
wastes; cycling of key life-sustaining nutrients, elements, and compounds
|
1–4
|
|
|
†(1) Moberg and Folke (1999); (2) Beaumont et al. (2007); (3) Holmlund and Hammer (1999); (4) Peterson and Lubchenco (1997).
|