Table 1. Resilience concepts from the more narrow interpretation to the broader social–ecological perspective.


Resilience concepts Characteristics Focus on Content
Engineering resilience
 		 Return time, efficiency
 		 Recovery, constancy
 		 Vicinity of a stable equilibrium
 
Ecological/ecosystem resilience and
social resilience
 		 Buffer capacity, withstand shock,
maintain function
 		 Persistence, robustness
 		 Multiple equilibria, stability landscapes
 
Social-ecological resilience
 		 Interplay of disturbance and reorganization, sustaining and
developing
 		 Adaptive capacity
transformability, learning,
innovation
 		 Integrated system feedback,
cross-scale dynamic interactions
 
Adapted from Folke (2006); Badjeck (2010, personal communication)