Table 3. Links between the different entities within social-ecological systems, together with examples and potential problems as defined by Anderies et al. (2004).



Link	Examples	Potential problems

(1) Between resource and resource users	Availability of water at time of need/availability of fish	Too much or too little water/too many uneconomic fish—too many valued fish
(2) Between users and public infrastructure providers	Voting for providers Contributing resources Recommending policies Monitoring performance of providers	Indeterminacy/lack of participation Free riding Rent seeking Lack of information/free riding
(3) Between public infrastructure providers and public infrastructure	Building initial physical structure Regular maintenance	Overcapitalization or undercapitalization Disrupting, temporal and spatial patterns of resource use
	Monitoring and enforcing rules	Cost/corruption
(4) Between public infrastructure and resource	Impact of infrastructure on the resource level	Ineffective
(5) Between public infrastructure and resource dynamics	Impact of infrastructure on the feedback structure of resource-harvest dynamics	Ineffective, unintended consequences
(6) Between resource users and public infrastructure	Coproduction of infrastructure itself, maintenance of works, monitoring and sanctioning	No incentives/free riding
(7) External forces on resource and infrastructure	Severe weather, earthquake, landslide, new roads	Destroys resource and infrastructure
(8) External forces on social actors	Major changes in political system, migration, commodity prices, and regulation	Conflict, uncertainty, migration, greatly increased demand