Table 3. Key review papers on participation in conservation research and monitoring, comparing models and terminologies. Column headings are terms used in this paper, from Bonney et al. (2009a). Column entries are the terms used in each paper to describe an analogous model, based on the degree of participation in the research process.



	Contributory	Collaborative	Co-created

Wilderman et al. 2004	Community workers 1	Community workers 2	Community-based participatory research
Fernandez-Gimenez et al. 2008	Community involvement primarily in the data-gathering phase	Community involvement primarily in the objective-setting, design, and interpretation phases	Community involvement in most or all phases of monitoring
Cooper et al. 2007	Citizen science research	Adaptive citizen science and Adaptive co-management research	Participatory action research
Danielsen et al. 2009	Externally driven with local data collectors	Collaborative monitoring with eternal data interpretation	Collaborative monitoring with local data interpretation
Lawrence 2006	Consultative and Functional categories^{^†}	Collaborative	Transformative

^†Lawrence applies to PPSR categories and theory derived in context of development studies, but concludes that these particular categories may be presumptuous regarding outcomes in PPSR volunteer biological monitoring contexts.