| Factors influencing people’s level of risk |
Influence of (lower) education Illustrative examples of how lower levels of education might increase risk |
| Hazard(s) |
Increased exposure to existing hazards due to high and increasing numbers of people in the same disaster-prone settlement with no option or little interest in moving to lower risk areas, resulting in: • Increased proximity of housing and infrastructure to hazards • Expansion of informal settlements into high-risk areas Intensified hazards and creation of new ones, such as: Floods related to extensive littering and inadequate infrastructure • Landslides due to excavation, deforestation, intensive littering, and inadequate construction • Fire due to inadequate electricity connection |
| Vulnerability |
• Concentration of highly defenseless population groups weakened by diseases, conflict, work-related injuries, family disruptions, etc. • Organized crime and corruption affecting community cohesion and information flow on risk and risk reduction • High numbers of teenage pregnancies and vulnerable households with single mothers, numerous children, or other dependents, etc. • High numbers of people working in informal and physically demanding jobs with no or little social protection • Limited access to formal assistance and low influence on decision-making processes (for risk management) • Inadequate housing construction and infrastructure • Mistrust in authorities, including planning authorities and emergency organizations |
| Response mechanisms and structures |
• Reduced mobility of people with poor health, single mothers, and families with many children • Reduced mobility due to low income (e.g., no personal vehicle and lack of money for paying public transportation) • Reduced mobility due to organized crime (resulting in high levels of insecurity and increased expenses for “protection” offered by criminal groups) • Lack of emergency access and evacuation roads (due to informal living conditions) • Limited access to formal response mechanisms (due to informal living conditions) • Mistrust in authorities and thus ignorance of disaster warnings, alerts, evacuations, offered emergency shelter, etc. • Difficulties in communication and contact with emergency organizations |
| Recovery mechanism and structures |
• Difficulty recovering quickly due to poor health conditions • No access to formal recovery credits (due to informal work, no legal tenure, no permission to use assisted housing as collateral, no official address, etc.) • Mistrust in authorities (which might lead to refusal or inadequate use of recovery assistance offered) |