Table 5. A summary of the research sites.

Parameter Manokwari, Papua Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan Boven Digoel, Papua
Company PTPN II PT. BPK PT. TSE
Status State-owned Private Private
Group PTPN Wilmar Korindo
Size of concession 12,049 ha 13,605 ha 34,000 ha
Date of establishment 1982 1994 1998
Planted area 10,207 ha 5350 ha 18,804 ha
Business model Nucleus estate smallholders
[ratio 27:73]; PIR Trans; PIR KKPA
Nucleus estate smallholders
[ratio 70:30]; PIR; PIR KKPA
Private [ratio 100:0]
Labor regime Workers and farmers Workers and farmers Worker
Land type Mineral soil Peat land (0.5 to 6 m deep) Mineral soil
Land cover Secondary forests Secondary forests Primary forests