| Variable |
Site 1 (n = 28) |
Site 2 (n = 30) |
Site 3 (n = 35) |
Average |
| Loss of customary access to forest products | 14% | 77% | 29% | 40% |
| Loss of customary access to cropland | 0% | 53% | 11% | 22% |
| Loss of customary access to water resources | 4% | 37% | 26% | 22% |
| Water pollution | 43% | 70% | 83% | 65% |
| Air pollution | 0% | 30% | 89% | 40% |
| Increased incidence of human or crop pests/disease | 18% | 30% | 69% | 39% |
| Loss of primary crop land | 29% | 10% | 14% | 18% |
| Displacement/resettlement | 11% | 0% | 3% | 5% |
| Increased incidence of floods | 64% | 87% | 54% | 68% |
| Employment opportunities in oil palm plantation | 36% | 27% | 60% | 41% |
| Transportation and access to urban areas | 46% | 7% | 89% | 47% |