| Dimensions of knowledge integration | Means of integration between IEK and science | Appearance of amalgams representing new, converged forms of IEK and science knowledge | Means of managing the integrity of IEK | Means of integration of IEK and science into environmental management |
| Governance type | ||||
| Indigenous-governed collaborations | Collaboration between IEK and science; distinction between the two blurred | Amalgams emphasized, e.g., ethno-ecology, ethno-science; digital data-bases with both IEK and science | Indigenous law and custom; exercise of traditional authority; tight contemporary governance structures specified | Combination of western science and Indigenous knowledge tools, principles of application specified |
| Indigenous-driven co-governance | Collaboration between IEK and science; joint projects as means of integration | Amalgams utilized, e.g., maps that amalgamate painting of Indigenous knowledge with western scientific data | Ditto | Simultaneous application of both into environmental management; principles sometimes specified |
| Agency-driven co-governance | “Validation” of IEK by science; separate documentation of IEK and science | Jointly authored scientific papers; reports targeting both scientific and Indigenous audiences | Protocols; agreements; respect for Indigenous law; informed consent | Negotiated approaches; Indigenous emphasis on preventing cultural appropriation |
| Agency governance | Separation of IEK and science; little or no documentation of IEK | No amalgams identified | Loose, not specified; e.g., involvement of elders in on-country knowledge transfer | Management based on western science; IEK present but its utilization kept separate |