APPENDIX 1. Model results. * = reference category. Table A1.1. Model results for wolves and trails. Results predict wolf occurrence near trails using matched case-control logistic regression. Variable Coeff. Robust SE z P-value Cover -0.084 0.036 -2.29 0.022 Elevation -0.002 <0.001 -15.32 <0.001 Slope -0.041 0.002 -16.94 <0.001 Trail Activity 0.001 0.003 0.38 0.705 0-50 m 0.320 0.079 4.07 <0.001 51-200 m 0.233 0.062 3.75 <0.001 201-400 m 0.226 0.060 3.77 <0.001 401-600 m 0.017 0.061 0.28 0.779 601-800 m 0.039 0.063 0.63 0.531 >800 m * * * * 0-50 m*Trail Activity -0.129 0.062 -2.08 0.037 51-200 m*Trail Activity -0.079 0.040 -1.98 0.048 201-400 m*Trail Activity -0.067 0.033 -2.03 0.042 401-600 m*Trail Activity 0.005 0.011 0.44 0.658 601-800 m*Trail Activity 0.003 0.003 0.80 0.424 >800 m*Trail Activity * * * * Table A1.2. Model results for wolves near roads. Results predict wolf occurrence near roads using matched case-control logistic regression. Variable Coeff. Robust SE z P-value Cover -0.091 0.042 -2.18 0.029 Elevation -0.002 <0.001 -12.58 <0.001 Slope -0.048 0.003 -17.02 <0.001 Road Activity 0.004 <0.001 4.89 <0.001 0-50 m 0.279 0.144 1.94 0.052 51-200 m 0.418 0.112 3.74 <0.001 201-400 m 0.355 0.107 3.31 0.001 401-600 m 0.182 0.120 1.51 0.130 601-800 m 0.060 0.143 0.42 0.677 >800 m * * * * 0-50 m*Road Activity -0.002 0.001 -2.94 0.003 51-200 m*Road Activity -0.001 <0.001 -1.96 0.049 201-400 m*Road Activity <0.001 <0.001 -0.81 0.418 401-600 m*Road Activity <0.001 <0.001 -0.32 0.747 601-800 m*Road Activity <0.001 <0.001 -0.50 0.617 >800 m*Road Activity * * * * Table A1.3. Model results for elk near trails. Results predict elk occurrence near trails using matched case-control logistic regression. Variable Coeff. Robust SE z P-value Elevation <-0.001 <0.001 -0.52 0.605 Slope -0.018 0.003 -5.34 <0.001 Greenness 0.168 0.023 7.35 <0.001 Trail Activity 0.026 0.019 1.36 0.173 0-50 m 0.229 0.391 0.59 0.558 51-200 m -0.142 0.196 -0.72 0.471 201-400 m 0.027 0.121 0.22 0.822 401-600 m 0.362 0.117 3.10 0.002 601-800 m 0.324 0.113 2.86 0.004 >800 m * * * * 0-50 m*Trail Activity -0.350 0.277 -1.26 0.206 51-200 m*Trail Activity -0.091 0.050 -1.78 0.075 201-400 m*Trail Activity -0.071 0.030 -2.37 0.018 401-600 m*Trail Activity -0.028 0.029 -0.98 0.329 601-800 m*Trail Activity -0.033 0.016 -2.03 0.042 >800 m*Trail Activity * * * * Table A1.4 . Model results for elk near roads. Results predict elk occurrence near roads using matched case-control logistic regression. Variable Coeff. Robust SE z P-value Elevation -0.002 <0.001 -5.71 <0.001 Slope 0.001 0.005 0.11 0.916 Greenness 0.211 0.026 8.11 <0.001 Road Activity -0.001 0.001 -1.80 0.071 0-50 m 0.103 0.219 0.47 0.637 51-200 m 0.017 0.138 0.12 0.903 201-400 m 0.153 0.126 1.22 0.223 401-600 m 0.100 0.118 0.84 0.400 601-800 m 0.228 0.106 2.16 0.031 >800 m * * * * 0-50 m*Road Activity -0.006 0.002 -2.53 0.011 51-200 m*Road Activity -0.001 0.001 1.26 0.208 201-400 m*Road Activity <-0.001 0.001 -0.02 0.988 401-600 m*Road Activity <0.001 0.001 0.16 0.870 601-800 m*Road Activity <-0.001 0.001 -0.28 0.779 >800 m*Road Activity * * * * Table A1.5. Model results for wolves on trails. Results predict wolf occurrence near trails using matched case-control logistic regression and 0-50 m as the reference category. Variable Coeff. Robust SE z P-value Cover -0.084 0.036 -2.29 0.022 Elevation -0.002 <0.001 -15.32 <0.001 Slope -0.041 0.002 -16.94 <0.001 Trail Activity -0.127 0.061 -2.06 0.039 0-50 m * * * * 51-200 m -0.086 0.066 -1.31 0.192 201-400 m -0.094 0.073 -1.29 0.198 401-600 m -0.302 0.081 -3.76 <0.001 601-800 m -0.281 0.086 -3.25 0.001 >800 m -0.320 0.079 -4.07 <0.001 0-50 m*Trail Activity * * * * 51-200 m*Trail Activity 0.049 0.063 0.78 0.433 201-400 m*Trail Activity 0.061 0.066 0.93 0.355 401-600 m*Trail Activity 0.134 0.063 2.13 0.034 601-800 m*Trail Activity 0.131 0.062 2.12 0.034 >800 m*Trail Activity 0.129 0.062 2.08 0.037