Table 2. Between groups analysis of means. Mean values of indicators per quadrant, and in parentheses the other quadrants from which means significantly differ according to T-tests. On the right, total means of these variables. p ≤ 0.1*, p ≤ 0.05**, p ≤ 0.01*** Statistical software: R for statistical computing version 2.8.0 (2008).
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| |
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|
Growth (Q1),
N = 80 |
Intensifying (Q2),
N = 65 |
Decline (Q3),
N = 10 |
Expansion (Q4),
N = 18 |
All,
N = 173 |
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|
Governance indicators |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Voice and accountability |
-0.25 (Q2***) |
0.32 (Q1***, Q4*) |
-0.02 |
-0.14 (Q2*) |
-0.01 |
|
Government effectiveness |
-0.25 (Q2***) |
0.43 (Q1***, Q4***) |
-0.22 |
-0.38 (Q2***) |
-0.001 |
|
Regulatory quality |
-0.26 (Q2***) |
0.41 (Q1***, Q4***) |
-0.11 |
-0.45 (Q2***) |
-0.01 |
|
Rule of law |
-0.23 (Q2***) |
0.34 (Q1***, Q4*) |
-0.26 |
-0.18 (Q2*) |
-0.01 |
|
Political stability |
-0.19 (Q2*, Q3**) |
0.08 (Q1*) |
0.27 (Q1**) |
0.00 |
-0.04 |
|
Control of corruption |
-0.25 (Q2***) |
0.4 (Q1***, Q4**) |
-0.27 |
-0.18 (Q2**) |
0.01 |
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|
|
|
|
Control indicators |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Economic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change in agricultural export value index |
0.53 |
0.51 |
0.04 |
0.07 |
0.44 |
|
Initial agricultural export value index (share of total export
value) |
237.46 |
113.47 (Q4*) |
175.50 |
286.39 (Q2*) |
187.89 |
|
Change in agricultural import value index |
0.77 (Q3*) |
0.73 |
0.61 (Q1*) |
0.70 |
0.74 |
|
Initial agricultural import value index (share of total import
value) |
44.50 |
44.08 |
63.48 |
51.41 |
46.38 |
|
Change in net trade flow value (export minus import) |
-0.08 (Q4**) |
-0.14 (Q4*) |
-0.28 |
-0.51 (Q1**, Q2*) |
-0.16 |
|
Initial net trade flow value (export minus import) (share of total
value) |
182.20 |
69.39 (Q4*) |
112.02 |
234.97 (Q2*) |
137.92 |
|
Change in GDP (PPP) |
0.57 (Q2***) |
0.7 (Q1***) |
0.72 |
0.46 |
0.62 |
|
Initial GDP (PPP) (International $/capita/yr) |
2880.80 (Q4***) |
4006.30 (Q4***) |
2678.10 |
907 (Q1***, Q2***) |
3275.40 |
|
Change in economically active agricultural population |
0.11 (Q2***) |
-0.15 (Q1***, Q4***) |
-0.10 |
0.16 (Q2***) |
0.01 |
|
Initial economically active agricultural population (share of
total) |
0.51 (Q2***, Q3**) |
0.32 (Q1***, Q4***) |
0.36 (Q1**, Q4**) |
0.55 (Q2***, Q3**) |
0.43 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Demographic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change in total population |
0.32 (Q2***) |
0.18 (Q1***) |
0.17 |
0.26 |
0.25 |
|
Initial total population density (persons/Km2) |
79 (Q2*) |
176 (Q1*, Q3*, Q4*) |
80 (Q2*) |
82 (Q2*) |
116 |
|
Change in total economically active population |
0.33 (Q2***) |
0.21 (Q1***, Q4*) |
0.22 |
0.28 (Q2*) |
0.27 |
|
Initial economically active population (share of total) |
0.39 (Q4**) |
0.40 (Q4**) |
0.38 |
0.36 (Q1**, Q2**) |
0.39 |
|
Change in urban population |
0.19 (Q2***, Q3***) |
0.11 (Q1***) |
0.07 (Q1***, Q4***) |
0.23 (Q3***) |
0.16 |
|
Initial urban population (share of total) |
0.39 (Q2***) |
0.54 (Q1***, Q4***) |
0.47 (Q4*) |
0.32 (Q2***, Q3*) |
0.44 |
|
Change in rural population |
-0.17 (Q3*) |
-0.16 |
-0.10 (Q1*) |
-0.14 |
-0.16 |
|
Initial rural population (share of total) |
0.61 (Q2***) |
0.46 (Q1***, Q4***) |
0.53 (Q4*) |
0.68 (Q2***, Q3*) |
0.56 |
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Biophysical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual mean temperature (°C) |
22.80 (Q2***) |
17.60 (Q1***, Q4***) |
20.40 |
24.10 (Q2***) |
20.80 |
|
Annual precipitation (mm) |
1361.60 |
1140.00 |
1475.70 |
1273.50 |
1274.20 |
|
Fraction of area constrained by aluminum toxicity |
22.30 (Q2**) |
14.60 (Q1**) |
25.50 |
19.90 |
19.20 |
|
Fraction of area constrained by salinity |
4.20 (Q2**) |
1.70 (Q1**) |
3 |
1.30 |
3 |
|
Fraction of area constrained by high phosphorus fixation |
6 (Q2***) |
2 (Q1***) |
9.20 |
6.40 |
4.50 |
|
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