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Steady–State paradigm |
Resilience–based paradigm |
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Manage benchmark state: pristine condition |
Manage pathways of transformation or change |
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Manage for keystone species or habitat with humans excluded
explicitly |
Manage for coupled social-ecological outcomes with humans included
explicitly |
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Manage to reduce system variability and forestall disturbance |
Manage to cultivate system diversity and variability |
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Manage to optimize for single invariable outcome, with single equilibrium
or steady state |
Manage for a dynamic changing quantity, sustain persistence, and
transformation, with alternative stable states |
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Manage for maximum sustained yield |
Management anticipates a range of possible options to cope with internal or
external perturbations and feedbacks |
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Management actions that delay Release (frontloop) |
Management actions that nurture Renewal (backloop) |
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Implement landscape level management, including wetlands, forests, and
lowland urban areas to reduce eutrophication from nutrient run-off and urban
effluence |
Maintaining structural diversity by protecting of critical habitats such as
wetlands and rocky habitats, which serve as refugia and sites for
breeding |
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Develop general ecosystems model of Lake Victoria that includes the
physical, chemical, biological, and anthropogenic factors to understand and
predict lake productivity. |
Apply appropriate levels of fishing efforts on selected size classes, such
as the slot size described above, and target species will contribute to
maintenance and, potentially, enhancement of biodiversity. |
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Quantify interactions among food-web structures, water quality, and
life-history characteristics of fishes to understand the relationship
between productivity of haplochromine cichlids, Nile perch predation and the
causes of eutrophication, and anoxia in Lake Victoria. |
Identify and reduce anthropogenic nutrient inputs through reforestation
of upland catchment areas as well as reduction of materials and contaminants in
run-off. |