Agricultural and forestry products
Municipal and industrial water and other resources
Wildlife
Freshwater fishery resources
Ecological flows of water
Groundwater and rainwater
Hydroelectric power
Fertile soil
Nearshore marine resources
Ornamental resources |
Ore including aggregate
Soil generation
Oil and gas |
Shoreline / riverbank creation and erosion
Land drainage
Moderate weather extremes |
Maintenance of habitats
Maintenance of biodiversity and a genetic library
Regulation of ecosystem processes and functions
Biological maintenance of resilience |
Biological support through links to ecozones and biomes / Maintenance of
large-scale habitats
Export of organic production to other areas’ food webs
Biological control / Regulation of pathogens |
Nutrient cycling
Primary production
CO2 regulation / carbon cycling
Oxygen production
Waste assimilation
Detoxification of wastes
Water purification |
Monitoring and pollution record
Climate record |
Mitigate drought, floods, landslides
Support recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic values and artistic inspiration
Sustaining the livelihood of communities / urban areas
Support of cultural, religious, and spiritual values |