Subsurface function ATES‡ BTES§ Geothermal energy Water supply Infra- structure Shallow geo-material Deep geo-material CO2 storage Gas storage Water storage ATES ± — + - - + + + + — BTES ± + - + + + + + + Geothermal energy — + + — — — + Water supply — + — + + + — Infrastructure ± ± + + + - Shallow geo-materials — + + + - Deep geo-materials — ± ± + CO2 storage — — + Gas storage — + Water storage —

^†Type of interaction: subsurface functions will always conflict (—), subsurface functions have potential to conflict (-), subsurface functions almost never conflict (+),subsurface functions are potentially conflicting, but mutual benefits can be achieved through adequate subsurface planning (±).
^‡Aquifer thermal energy storage.
^§Borehole thermal energy system.