Table 3
. National average electricity use for water collection and treatment using different water treatment technologies (Goldstein and Smith 2002b, California Energy Commission 2005). Distribution represents additional energy use.
Water Collection and Treatment
kWh/ML†
Surface water treatment
60
Groundwater treatment
160
Brackish groundwater treatment
1000–2600
Seawater desalination
2600–4400
†kWh/ML: kilowatt-hours per megaliter