DF-C DF-A-C DFA-C A-C Study aim Exploration Understanding causal chain driving forces-actors-change Interactions among actors and drivers of land change, including feedbacks Actor behavior and decision making resulting in land change Generation of hypotheses Identifying specific combinations of driving forces and actors that lead to change Policy analysis and intervention Interactions among actors of land change, including feedbacks Policy analysis and intervention Estimation of parameters for theoretical models Social learning Geographical extent Small to large Small to medium Small to medium Small Number of land covers and land uses Few to many Few to many Only the ones that are directly affected by one driving forces-actor system Only the ones that are directly affected by the actors’ groups considered in the A-C model (e.g., farmers) Generally few similar ones Generally few similar ones (e.g., crops) Type of data Potential drivers Potential drivers Potential drivers Actors’ behavior and interaction Land change data Land change data Actors’ behavior and actor interaction Land change data General characteristics of actors Land change data