Table 3.
Variables significantly associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza
(HPAI) H5N1 occurrences in wild birds reported by the linear and quadratic
logistic regression analyses using 1000 bootstrapping training datasets.
All values in the table are mean values obtained from 1000 runs of the model.
Italics indicate quadratic effects. Variables marked in bold were included
in the final model.
| |
| |
| Linear and quadratic logistic regressions |
Moran's I |
VIF (all) |
Stepwise selections |
| |
|
|
|
|
Variable
|
OR†
|
95% CI OR † |
P value |
Pseudo R2 |
AIC |
AUC ± SD |
Kappa ± SD |
|
|
VIF (selected) |
Times |
P value 95% upper CI ‡ |
| |
| DEM |
0.989 |
0.984 |
0.995 |
<0.001 |
0.09 |
784 |
0.65 |
0.02 |
0.3 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
11.65 |
3.73 |
856 |
0.013 |
0.044 |
|
Slope
|
0.8 |
0.728 |
0.88 |
<0.001 |
0.06 |
798 |
0.61 |
0.02 |
0.17 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
5.29 |
3.5 |
803 |
0.029
|
0.099
|
|
Aspect
|
0.998
|
0.997
|
0.999
|
0.007
|
0.03
|
810
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.14
|
0.04
|
0.12
|
1.23
|
1.09
|
295
|
0.048
|
0.142
|
|
MpreJan
|
0.984
|
0.976
|
0.991
|
<0.001
|
0.05
|
803
|
0.55
|
0.02
|
0.18
|
0.03
|
0.25
|
46.02
|
2.95
|
993
|
0.002
|
0.025
|
|
MpreFeb
|
0.983
|
0.974
|
0.992
|
0.005
|
0.04
|
817
|
0.54
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
0.03
|
0.26
|
42.08
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
MpreMar
|
0.985
|
0.976
|
0.995
|
0.029
|
0.03
|
813
|
0.53
|
0.02
|
0.14
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
32.31
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
MpreApr
|
0.985
|
0.974
|
0.996
|
0.046
|
0.02
|
816
|
0.59
|
0.02
|
0.21
|
0.04
|
0.21
|
11.37
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
MpreOct
|
0.989
|
0.982
|
0.997
|
0.036
|
0.02
|
815
|
0.54
|
0.02
|
0.13
|
0.04
|
0.27
|
13.73
|
2.58
|
148
|
0.072
|
0.171
|
|
MpreNov
|
0.99
|
0.983
|
0.997
|
0.035
|
0.02
|
815
|
0.52
|
0.02
|
0.14
|
0.03
|
0.24
|
23.79
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
MpreDec
|
0.985
|
0.979
|
0.992
|
0.001
|
0.04
|
804
|
0.55
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
0.03
|
0.21
|
47.98
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminJan
|
1.013
|
1.008
|
1.018
|
<0.001
|
0.08
|
788
|
0.63
|
0.02
|
0.36
|
0.03
|
0.36
|
467
|
7.55
|
|
|
|
|
TminJan
|
1.027
|
1.019
|
1.035
|
<0.001
|
0.23
|
714
|
0.71
|
0.02
|
0.38
|
0.04
|
818
|
0.017
|
0.050
|
|
TminJan2
|
0.407
|
0.318
|
0.522
|
<0.001
|
601
|
0.026
|
0.099
|
|
TminFeb
|
1.013
|
1.008
|
1.017
|
<0.001
|
0.07
|
791
|
0.61
|
0.02
|
0.35
|
0.03
|
0.49
|
524.7
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminFeb
|
1.026
|
1.018
|
1.034
|
<0.001
|
0.22
|
719
|
0.69
|
0.02
|
0.37
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminFeb2
|
0.406
|
0.314
|
0.525
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TminMar
|
1.016
|
1.01
|
1.022
|
<0.001
|
0.07
|
790
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.35
|
0.03
|
0.46
|
363.9
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminMar
|
1.033
|
1.023
|
1.043
|
<0.001
|
0.21
|
725
|
0.66
|
0.02
|
0.36
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminMar2
|
0.441
|
0.347
|
0.561
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TminApr
|
1.013
|
1.006
|
1.021
|
0.012
|
0.03
|
810
|
0.57
|
0.02
|
0.21
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
228
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminApr
|
1.022
|
1.012
|
1.032
|
<0.001
|
0.06
|
797
|
0.56
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TminApr2
|
0.758
|
0.652
|
0.881
|
0.005
|
|
|
|
|
TminMay
|
1.011
|
1.004
|
1.019
|
0.034
|
0.02
|
815
|
0.55
|
0.02
|
0.15
|
0.03
|
0.32
|
295.2
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminJun
|
1.014
|
1.007
|
1.022
|
0.006
|
0.04
|
809
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.17
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
355.3
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminJun
|
1.022
|
1.012
|
1.033
|
<0.001
|
0.05
|
803
|
0.57
|
0.02
|
0.18
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TminJun2
|
0.818
|
0.703
|
0.952
|
0.041
|
|
|
|
|
TminJul
|
1.013
|
1.006
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
810
|
0.59
|
0.02
|
0.19
|
0.04
|
0.27
|
359.6
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminJul
|
1.023
|
1.013
|
1.033
|
<0.001
|
0.06
|
801
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.2
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminJul2
|
0.799
|
0.69
|
0.926
|
0.019
|
|
|
|
|
TminAug
|
1.015
|
1.008
|
1.022
|
0.002
|
0.04
|
805
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.27
|
0.04
|
0.26
|
543.9
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminAug
|
1.031
|
1.019
|
1.042
|
<0.001
|
0.08
|
788
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.27
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminAug2
|
0.739
|
0.636
|
0.859
|
0.002
|
|
|
|
|
TminSep
|
1.018
|
1.011
|
1.025
|
<0.001
|
0.07
|
795
|
0.66
|
0.02
|
0.33
|
0.04
|
0.25
|
272.8
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminSep
|
1.04
|
1.029
|
1.052
|
<0.001
|
0.14
|
760
|
0.66
|
0.02
|
0.33
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminSep2
|
0.657
|
0.567
|
0.76
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TminOct
|
1.019
|
1.013
|
1.026
|
<0.001
|
0.08
|
789
|
0.67
|
0.02
|
0.32
|
0.04
|
0.27
|
156.17
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminOct
|
1.04
|
1.029
|
1.05
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
750
|
0.67
|
0.02
|
0.5
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TminOct2
|
0.649
|
0.563
|
0.748
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TminNov
|
1.016
|
1.01
|
1.022
|
<0.001
|
0.07
|
795
|
0.64
|
0.02
|
0.34
|
0.03
|
0.34
|
143.6
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminNov
|
1.034
|
1.024
|
1.043
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
752
|
0.65
|
0.02
|
0.47
|
0.33
|
|
|
|
|
TminNov2
|
0.624
|
0.533
|
0.73
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TminDec
|
1.008
|
1.003
|
1.012
|
0.013
|
0.03
|
811
|
0.59
|
0.02
|
0.34
|
0.03
|
0.42
|
340.5
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TminDec
|
1.022
|
1.015
|
1.029
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
750
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.35
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TminDec2
|
0.506
|
0.415
|
0.616
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxJan
|
1.008
|
1.004
|
1.013
|
0.004
|
0.04
|
807
|
0.59
|
0.03
|
0.36
|
0.03
|
0.46
|
713.2
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxJan
|
1.022
|
1.015
|
1.029
|
<0.001
|
0.2
|
729
|
0.66
|
0.02
|
0.39
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxJan2
|
0.42
|
0.333
|
0.531
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxFeb
|
1.008
|
1.004
|
1.012
|
0.003
|
0.04
|
807
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.34
|
0.03
|
0.53
|
594.4
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxFeb
|
1.019
|
1.013
|
1.025
|
<0.001
|
0.19
|
737
|
0.64
|
0.02
|
0.36
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxFeb2
|
0.437
|
0.348
|
0.55
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxMar
|
1.009
|
1.005
|
1.013
|
0.004
|
0.04
|
808
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.28
|
0.03
|
0.47
|
182.5
|
3.47
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxMar
|
1.016
|
1.01
|
1.022
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
753
|
0.64
|
0.02
|
0.3
|
0.03
|
867
|
0.015
|
0.069
|
|
TmaxMar2
|
0.456
|
0.36
|
0.577
|
<0.001
|
860
|
0.016
|
0.066
|
|
TmaxOct
|
1.007
|
1.002
|
1.012
|
0.05
|
0.02
|
816
|
0.56
|
0.02
|
0.24
|
0.03
|
0.46
|
141.7
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxOct
|
1.005
|
1
|
1.009
|
<0.001
|
0.08
|
788
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.25
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxOct2
|
0.638
|
0.534
|
0.763
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxNov
|
1.008
|
1.003
|
1.012
|
0.017
|
0.03
|
813
|
0.58
|
0.03
|
0.31
|
0.02
|
0.44
|
262.4
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxNov
|
1.02
|
1.013
|
1.026
|
<0.001
|
0.14
|
763
|
0.61
|
0.02
|
0.32
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxNov2
|
0.549
|
0.455
|
0.663
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxDec
|
1.008
|
1.003
|
1.012
|
0.013
|
0.03
|
812
|
0.58
|
0.03
|
0.34
|
0.03
|
0.43
|
376.3
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxDec
|
1.022
|
1.015
|
1.029
|
<0.001
|
0.16
|
750
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.35
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
TmaxDec2
|
0.508
|
0.417
|
0.619
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIJan
|
82.131
|
14.274
|
477.48
|
<0.001
|
0.15
|
754
|
0.69
|
0.02
|
0.3
|
0.04
|
0.36
|
161.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIJan2
|
0.415
|
0.324
|
0.533
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIFeb
|
8.325
|
2.2
|
31.558
|
0.047
|
0.02
|
816
|
0.57
|
0.02
|
0.21
|
0.04
|
0.3
|
361
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIFeb
|
79.637
|
13.711
|
468.14
|
<0.001
|
0.15
|
756
|
0.68
|
0.02
|
0.29
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIFeb2
|
0.428
|
0.335
|
0.548
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIMar
|
13.368
|
2.92
|
61.357
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
814
|
0.57
|
0.02
|
0.2
|
0.04
|
0.28
|
87.07
|
2.41
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIMar
|
111.333
|
15.489
|
811.8
|
0.001
|
0.14
|
760
|
0.66
|
0.02
|
0.27
|
0.04
|
997
|
0.001
|
0.014
|
|
NDVIMar2
|
0.445
|
0.348
|
0.57
|
<0.001
|
1000
|
<0.001
|
0.003
|
|
NDVIJun
|
0.03
|
0.004
|
0.263
|
0.008
|
0.06
|
798
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.21
|
0.04
|
0.24
|
79.06
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIJun2
|
0.668
|
0.563
|
0.793
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIJul
|
0.006
|
0.001
|
0.046
|
<0.001
|
0.11
|
775
|
0.64
|
0.02
|
0.26
|
0.04
|
0.26
|
183.2
|
3.56
|
672
|
0.038
|
0.125
|
|
NDVIJul2
|
0.533
|
0.436
|
0.652
|
<0.001
|
805
|
0.029
|
0.100
|
|
NDVIAgu
|
0.015
|
0.002
|
0.113
|
<0.001
|
0.09
|
787
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.24
|
0.03
|
0.22
|
101.13
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIAgu2
|
0.572
|
0.467
|
0.701
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
NDVINov
|
23.449
|
4.637
|
119.04
|
0.014
|
0.03
|
812
|
0.58
|
0.02
|
0.19
|
0.04
|
0.43
|
142.5
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
NDVINov
|
15.49
|
2.708
|
89.102
|
0.048
|
0.05
|
803
|
0.62
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
NDVINov2
|
0.759
|
0.628
|
0.919
|
0.036
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIDec
|
30.448
|
6.566
|
141.736
|
0.004
|
0.04
|
807
|
0.59
|
0.02
|
0.22
|
0.04
|
0.45
|
99.86
|
3.26
|
980
|
0.005
|
0.037
|
|
NDVIDec
|
28.187
|
5.417
|
147.905
|
0.008
|
0.07
|
797
|
0.64
|
0.02
|
0.25
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
NDVIDec2
|
0.72
|
0.591
|
0.877
|
0.016
|
|
|
|
|
| |
† Calculated using z-score standardized variables to avoid too small or too large OR values ‡ All p values of 95% lower CI are less than 0.001
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