Monitoring method Research objectives Track pads Remote cameras NGS sampling Radio- telemetry/ GPS collars Species identification X X x x Direction of travel X X X Individual identification X x Sex determination X x Detection of juveniles using crossings with mother x X X x Species-level spatial patterns (preference for crossing types by species) X X x x Species-level temporal patterns (annual and seasonal use by species) X X x x Individual-level general spatial patterns (preference for crossing types by individuals) X X Individual-level general temporal patterns (annual and seasonal use by individuals) X X Individual-level fine-scale spatial use (how are crossings incorporated into home-range movements) X Individual-level fine-scale temporal use (when do individuals incorporate crossings into movements) X Population-level spatial patterns (context for crossing type preferences) x X Population-level temporal patterns (context for annual and seasonal use) x X Detection of long-distance disperser at crossings X Estimate relationships and parentage of individuals using crossings X x Estimate change in gene flow due to presence of crossings X x Estimate change in population survival due to presence of crossings X Estimate change in population fecundity due to presence of crossings X