Table 3. Factors used for clustering management practices. Factors Indicators Indicator types Remarks Forest tenure Resource access Category 1- Open access, 2- Collective access, 3- Individual/Private access Boundary conflicts Category 1. intro–inter village boundaries are clear; 2. inter-village boundaries are clear, whereas intro-village boundaries are not; 3.Both boundaries are vague Institution and management Existence of regulations Binary 0, no; 1 yes Existence of monitoring committee Binary 0, no; 1 yes Implementation status Category 1- Restricted monitoring and implementation, 2- Moderate monitoring and implementation, 3- Poor/no monitoring and implementation Equity in resource accessibility Category 1- Equal opportunities for everyone, 2- Equal opportunities for most of the population, 3- Exclusive opportunities for designated population Resource-use pattern Category 1- Individual competition, 2- Cooperative harvesting, 3- Contracted harvesting Benefit sharing Binary 0- No benefit-sharing mechanism, 1- Benefit-sharing mechanism Natural setting Complexity of terrain Category 1- Low spatial variation in terrain, 2- Moderate spatial variation in terrain, 3- High spatial variation in terrain Percentage of forest cover Ratio/Numeric Data estimated by local village head and visually verified through satellite imagery Matsutake production Matsutake habitat area (rectified) Numeric If several villages shared the same harvesting area, the habitat area was rectified by dividing the total harvesting area by the no. of villages Matsutake habitat area/person Numeric Total production of Matsutake (rectified) Numeric Similar to indicator 11, total production was estimated at the market, the production of the village investigated was rectified by dividing the total production estimated at the market by the no. of villages Matsutake production/habitat area Numeric Harvesting production/capita Numeric Livelihoods Contribution of matsutake to cash income Numeric Percentage of household income Average cash income per capita Numeric Average agricultural landholding per capita Numeric Labor input Length of matustake harvesting season Numeric Total harvesting days Average travel time per harvesting trip Numeric Hours Income Average cash income per year per capita from matsutake Numeric Yuan Market Nearest market category Category 1- County market, 2- Village market, 3- Floating market Degree to which information on pricing is accessible Category 1- Well known (through mobile, transparent market), 2- Moderately known, 3- Poorly known Choice of and chance for selling Category 1- Good (with more than five competitive buyers); 2- Moderate (with three to five buyers), 3- Poor (one or two buyers) Harvesting behavior No harvesting of <4–5 cm Category 1- Restrictions implemented, 2- Moderately implemented, 3- Poorly implemented, Habitat management Category 1- Good management (with site preparation, e.g., thinning, watering,), 2- Moderate management, 3- Poor management