Table 1. This table presents the dyads of elements in the ecosystem model. Circle symbols (●) indicate relationships that do not co-occur in any section of law (institutional gaps). For example, there is no section of law in the collection containing both the terms “crab” and “eelgrass,” which is a link in the ecosystem model. Interaction Type Interaction Number of documents in which ecosystem dyads co-occur (by geopolitical jurisdiction) USA WA OR CA Ecological–ecological interactions Species interactions Crab–eelgrass ● ● ● ● Crab–Spartina 1 1 ● ● Seabird–eelgrass ● 1 ● 1 Seabird–spartina ● ● ● ● Eelgrass–salmon ● 2 ● ● Eelgrass–Spartina ● ● ● ● Species–habitat interactions Crab–ocean 11 10 33 8 Crab–estuary 2 4 6 2 Seabird–ocean 3 1 1 ● Seabird–estuary 1 1 ● ● Eelgrass–ocean ● 2 1 ● Eelgrass–estuary ● 3 2 ● Salmon–ocean 21 31 66 35 Salmon–estuary 8 14 10 8 Spartina–estuary 1 1 ● ● Habitat interaction Ocean–estuary 50 18 31 38   Interactions between social and ecological aspects Species–human stressors interactions Crab–dredge 3 1 1 ● Crab–pesticide ● ● 1 ● Crab–climate change ● ● ● ● Seabird–dredge 4 1 ● ● Seabird–pesticide ● 1 ● ● Seabird–climate change ● ● ● ● Eelgrass–dredge ● 7 ● 1 Eelgrass–pesticide ● ● ● ● Eelgrass–sewage ● 2 ● ● Eelgrass–climate change ● ● ● ● Salmon–dredge 5 4 2 2 Salmon–climate change ● ● ● ● Spartina–pesticide ● 3 ● ● Spartina–climate change ● ● ● ● Habitat–human stressor interactions Ocean–climate change 1 ● ● ● Estuary–dredge 17 17 7 12 Estuary–pesticide 5 ● 2 4 Estuary–sewage 24 5 2 4 Estuary–climate change ● ● ● ●