Table 1. The estimated effectiveness, present value costs (in 2007 US$, 3% discount rate), and costs per percent reduction of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates over a 75-year time period. The measures are ordered based on their estimated effectiveness. If a measure is estimated to be 86% effective, it means that ungulate–vehicle collisions are estimated to reduce by 86% as a result of the implementation of that mitigation measure (e.g., a reduction from 100 collisions to 14 collisions).
| |
| |
Mitigation
measure
|
Effectiveness |
Crossing opportunity? |
Source |
Present value costs (US$) |
Costs per percent reduction (US$) |
| |
| Seasonal wildlife warning sign |
26% |
Yes |
Sullivan et al. (2004): 51%; Rogers (2004): 0% |
$3728 |
$143 |
| Vegetation removal |
38% |
Yes |
Jaren et al. (1991): 56%; Lavsund and Sandegren (1991):
20% |
$16 272 |
$428 |
| Fence, gap, crosswalk |
40% |
Yes |
Lehnert and Bissonette (1997): 42%, 37% |
$300 468 |
$7512 |
| Population culling |
50% |
Yes |
Review in Huijser et al. (2007a) |
$94 809 |
$1896 |
| Relocation |
50% |
Yes |
Review in Huijser et al. (2007a) |
$391 870 |
$7837 |
| Anti-fertility treatment |
50% |
Yes |
Review in Huijser et al. (2007a) |
$2 183 207 |
$43 664 |
| Fence (incl. dig barrier) |
86% |
No |
Reed et al. (1982) 79%; Ward (1982): 90% Woods (1990):
94%–97%; Clevenger et al. (2001): 80%; Dodd et al. (2007):
87% |
$187 246 |
$2177 |
| Fence, underpass, jump-out |
86% |
Yes |
Reed et al. (1982) 79%; Ward (1982): 90% Woods (1990):
94%–97%; Clevenger et al. (2001): 80%; Dodd et al. (2007):
87% |
$538 273 |
$6259 |
Fence, under- and overpass,
jump-out |
86% |
Yes |
Reed et al. (1982) 79%; Ward (1982): 90% Woods (1990):
94%–97%; Clevenger et al. (2001): 80%; Dodd et al. (2007):
87% |
$719 667 |
$8368 |
| Animal detection system (ADS) |
87% |
Yes |
Mosler-Berger and Romer (2003): 82%; Dodd and Gagnon (2008):
91% |
$1 099 370 |
$12 636 |
| Fence, gap, ADS |
87% |
Yes |
Mosler-Berger and Romer (2003): 82%; Dodd and Gagnon (2008):
91% |
$836 113 |
$9610 |
| Elevated roadway |
100% |
Yes |
Review in Huijser et al. (2007a) |
$92 355 498 |
$923 555 |
| Road tunnel |
100% |
Yes |
Review in Huijser et al. (2007a) |
$147 954 696 |
$1 479 547 |
|
| |
|