Table 1. Summary, brief description, and methods used to examine indicators of flexibility, capacity to organize, capacity to learn, and assets. KI = key informant interview, HS = household survey, SI = secondary information, and PO = participant observation. Measure Description of indicators Methods Flexibility      Dependence on natural resources Importance of fishing and other natural-resource-based occupations to household income and food security KI, HS      Livelihood diversity Number of different occupations per household KI, HS      Linkages and feedbacks between        marine and terrestrial resource use        sectors Open-ended questions about how the 2005 fluctuation in the price of vanilla affected the respondent’s livelihood (Tanjona park only) KI, HS      Descriptions of formal and informal        institutions used to govern resources Open-ended questions about the rules, regulations, and degree of compliance with taboos (fady), marine parks, and other institutions that govern resources KI, SI Capacity to organize      Involvement in community        organizations The number of community groups respondents were involved in HS      Participation in community        decision making Ordinal score representing how involved respondents were in community decision-making processes HS      Migration Whether respondents were born in the community or local region, i.e., within 75 km HS Capacity to learn      Perceptions about humans as causal        agents in marine ecosystems Responses to open-ended questions such as “How can you affect the number of fish in the sea?” and “What can be done to increase the number of fish in the sea?” HS      Education Years of formal education HS      Monitoring of resources Qualitative descriptions about the presence of and feedback from ecological monitoring KI, SI Assets      Material style of life Material style of life indicators, including type of walls, roof, and floor and number and type of appliances in a household KI, HS, PO      Infrastructure Presence of key community-level infrastructure such as a medical center, hard-top roads, a school, etc. KI, HS, SI, PO