| Species or Species Group |
Direction of Road
or Traffic Effect |
Reference(s) |
| |
|
Invertebrates |
|
invertebrate order diversity |
neutral | Luce and Crowe (2001) |
|
butterfly species richness |
negative
neutral | White and Kerr (2007)
Munguira and Thomas (1992) |
|
butterfly total abundance |
neutral | Munguira and Thomas (1992) |
|
carabid species richness |
negative | Koivula and Vermeulen (2005) |
|
carabid total abundance |
negative | Koivula and Vermeulen (2005) |
|
Calathus micropterus |
negative | Koivula and Vermeulen (2005) |
|
Carabus nemoralis |
neutral | Koivula and Vermeulen (2005) |
|
Pterostichus melanarius |
neutral | Koivula and Vermeulen (2005) |
|
Herptiles |
|
herptile species richness |
negative | Findlay and Bourdages (2000) |
|
Amphibians |
|
amphibian species richness |
negative
neutral | Findlay and Houlahan (1997)
Parris (2006)
Houlahan and Findlay (2003)
Loehle et al. (2005) |
|
amphibian total abundance |
negative | Houlahan and Findlay (2003) |
|
anuran species richness |
negative | Eigenbrod et al. (2008a) |
|
anuran total abundance |
negative
neutral | Fahrig et al. (1995)
Fahrig et al. (1995) |
|
salamander relative species richness |
negative | Porej et al. (2004) |
|
salamander total abundance |
negative | Semlitsch et al. (2007)
deMaynadier and Hunter (2000) |
|
American toad (Bufo americanus) |
negative | Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
treefrog (Hyla arborea) |
negative | Pellet et al. (2004a, b) |
|
Cope's gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis) |
neutral | Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) |
negative
neutral | Houlahan and Findlay (2003)
Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) |
negative
neutral | Nyström et al. (2007)
Nyström et al. (2002) |
|
spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) |
negative
neutral | Houlahan and Findlay (2003)
Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata) |
neutral | Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
moor frog (Rana arvalis) |
negative | Vos and Chardon (1998) |
|
green frog (Rana clamitans) |
negative
neutral | Houlahan and Findlay (2003)
Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Trenham et al. (2003)
Carr and Fahrig (2001) |
|
leopard frog (Rana pipiens) |
negative
neutral | Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Carr and Fahrig (2001)
Trenham et al. (2003) |
|
mink frog (Rana septentrionalis) |
negative | Houlahan and Findlay (2003) |
|
wood frog (Rana sylvatica) |
negative
neutral
positive | Houlahan and Findlay (2003)
Eigenbrod et al. (2008a)
Porej et al. (2004)
Skidds et al. (2007)
Trenham et al. (2003) |
spotted salamander (Ambystoma
maculatum) |
neutral | Porej et al. (2004)
Skidds et al. (2007) |
smallmouth salamander (Ambystoma
texanum) |
neutral | Porej et al. (2004) |
Jefferson's salamander (Ambystoma
jeffersonianum) |
neutral | Porej et al. (2004) |
tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum
tigrinum) |
negative | Porej et al. (2004) |
blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma
laterale) |
negative | Houlahan and Findlay (2003) |
Appalachian seal salamander (Desmognathus
monticola) |
negative | Ward et al. (2008) |
mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus
ochrophaeus) |
negative | Ward et al. (2008) |
northern two-lined salamander (Eurycea
bislineata) |
positive | Ward et al. (2008) |
southern gray-cheeked salamander
(Plethodon metcalfi) |
negative | Semlitsch et al. (2007) |
red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus
viridescens viridescens) |
negative | Porej et al. (2004) |
|
Reptiles |
|
reptile species richness |
neutral | Loehle et al. (2005) |
|
snake total abundance |
negative
neutral | Rudolph et al. (1999)
Sullivan (2000) |
|
turtle total abundance |
negative | Gibbs and Shriver (2002) |
|
large-bodied turtle total abundance |
negative | Gibbs and Shriver (2002) |
|
small-bodied turtle total abundance |
neutral | Gibbs and Shriver (2002) |
eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus
adamanteus) |
positive | Steen et al. (2007) |
|
timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) |
negative | Steen et al. (2007) |
|
black ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta) |
negative | Row et al. (2007) |
Galápagos lava lizard (Microlophus
albemarlensis) |
negative | Tanner and Perry (2007) |
|
painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) |
negative | Fowle (1990) |
|
desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) |
negative | Boarman and Sazaki (2006) |
|
Birds |
|
bird species richness |
negative | Findlay and Bourdages (2000)
Findlay and Houlahan (1997) |
|
Small birds |
|
small bird summed density |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
grassland bird presence |
negative | Forman et al. (2002) |
|
grassland passerines total abundance |
neutral | Warner (1992) |
|
Yellow Thornbill (Acanthiza nana) |
positive* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Skylark (Alauda arvensis) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma
coerulescens) |
negative | Mumme et al. (2000) |
|
Linnet (Carduelis cannabina) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
Short-toed Treecreeper (Certhia
brachydactyla) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Bobolink (Delichonyx oryzivorus) |
negative | Forman et al. (2002) |
|
Galah (Eolophus roseicapillus) |
negative* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) |
negative | Kuitunen et al. (2003) |
|
Chafffinch (Fringilla coelebs) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Crested Lark (Galerida cristata) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) |
negative
neutral | Reijnen et al. (1996)
van der Zande et al. (1980) |
|
Woodchat Shrike (Lanius senator) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
Yellow-Tufted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus
melanops) |
negative* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Fuscous Honeyeater (Lichenostomus fuscus) |
negative* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996)
van der Zande et al. (1980) |
|
Woodlark (Lullula arborea) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Superb Fairy-Wren (Malurus cyaneus) |
positive* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Corn Bunting (Miliaria calandra) |
positive | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) |
neutral/negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Striated Pardalote (Pardalotus striatus) |
negative* | Pocock and Lawrence (2005) |
|
Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Great Tit (Parus major) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) |
positive | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Rock Sparrow (Passer petronia) |
positive | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochrurus) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Iberian Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus brehmii) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Serin (Serinus serinus) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) |
negative | Forman et al. (2002) |
|
Starling (Sturnus unicolor) |
neutral | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Blackbird (Turdus merula) |
negative | Peris and Pescador (2004) |
|
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996)
van der Zande et al. (1980) |
|
Large birds |
|
Shoveler (Anas clypeata) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) |
neutral/negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) |
neutral/negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) |
positive | Coleman and Fraser (1989) |
|
Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) |
positive | Coleman and Fraser (1989) |
|
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) |
neutral/negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Coot (Fulica atra) |
negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) |
negative | Norling et al. (1992) |
|
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) |
negative | Anthongy and Isaacs (1989)
Paruk (1987) |
|
Redshank (Tringa tetanus) |
neutral/negative | Reijnen et al. (1996) |
|
Mammals |
|
mammal species richness |
neutral/negative | Findlay and Houlahan (1997) |
|
Small mammals |
|
small mammal species richness |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
small mammal total abundance |
neutral
positive* | Garland and Bradley (1984)
Rosa and Bissonette (2007)
Adams and Geis (1983) |
white-tailed antelope squirrel (Ammospermo-
philus leucurus) |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys
ludovicianus) |
positive | Johnson and Collinge (2004) |
Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys
merriami) |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) |
positive* | Rosa and Bissonette (2007) |
|
prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) |
neutral/positive | Adams and Geis (1983) |
|
California vole (Microtus californicus) |
neutral/positive | Adams and Geis (1983) |
|
house mouse (Mus musculus) |
positive | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
woodrat (Notoma lepida) |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli) |
neutral/positive | Adams and Geis (1983) |
long-tailed pocket mouse (Perognathus
formosus) |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) |
neutral/negative* | Rosa and Bissonette (2007) |
|
white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) |
neutral
neutral/positive
positive | McGregor et al. (2008)
Adams and Geis (1983)
Rytwinski and Fahrig (2007) |
|
deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) |
neutral/positive | Adams and Geis (1983) |
|
ship rat (Rattus rattus) |
neutral | Garland and Bradley (1984) |
|
eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) |
positive | McGregor et al. (2008) |
|
Medium-sized mammals |
|
chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) |
negative | Altrichter and Boaglio (2004) |
|
hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) |
negative | Huijser and Bergers (2000) |
|
brown hare (Lepus europaeus) |
negative | Roedenbeck and Voser (2008) |
|
American marten (Martes americana) |
neutral | Mowat (2006) |
|
badger (Meles meles) |
negative | van der Zee et al. (1992)
Roedenbeck and Köhler (2006) |
|
koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) |
negative | McAlpine et al. (2006) |
|
white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) |
neutral | Altrichter and Boaglio (2004) |
|
collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) |
neutral | Altrichter and Boaglio (2004) |
|
red fox (Vulpes vulpes) |
negative | Roedenbeck and Köhler (2006) |
|
Large mammals |
|
impala (Aepyceros melampus) |
neutral | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
moose (Alces alces) |
neutral | Kunkel and Pletscher (2000) |
|
wolf (Canis lupus) |
negative
| Fuller (1989)
Mech et al. )1988)
Thiel (1985)
Jedrzejewski et al. (2004)
Karlsson et al. (2007) |
|
eastern timber wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) |
negative | Jensen et al. (1986)
Mladenoff et al. (1995) |
|
black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) |
negative | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) |
negative | Roedenbeck and Köhler (2006) |
|
elk (Cervus canadensis) |
negative | Rost and Bailey (1979) |
|
wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) |
neutral/negative | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
zebra (Equus quagga) |
neutral/negative | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) |
neutral | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
African elephant (Loxondonta africana) |
negative | Newmark et al. (1996)
Barnes et al. (1991) |
|
bobcat (Lynx rufus) |
negative | Lovallo and Anderson (1996) |
|
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) |
negative | Niedziałkowska et al. (2006) |
|
Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) |
negative | Palma et al. (1999) |
|
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) |
negative | Rost and Bailey (1979) |
|
Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) |
negative | Kerley et al. (2002) |
|
warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) |
neutral | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
cougar (Puma concolor) |
negative | van Dyke et al. (1986)
Dickson and Beier (2002) |
woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
caribou) |
negative | Dyer et al. (2001) |
|
bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca) |
negative | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
negative | Roedenbeck and Köhler (2006) |
|
eland (Taurotragus oryx) |
negative | Newmark et al. (1996) |
|
brown bear (Ursus arctos) |
negative | Suring et al. (2006) |
|
grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) |
negative | Ciarniello et al. (2007)
Mace et al. (1996)
McLellan and Shackleton (1988) |