|
|
Agricultural advance |
Managing on the margins |
Community cohesion |
Industry imperial |
| |
|
Main income sources |
Agriculture (cash crops and bio-fuels), food processing,
petty trading |
Subsistence farming, livestock keeping, logging, charcoal
making, beekeeping, remittances |
Small-scale farming (also organic), livestock, ecotourism,
handicrafts |
Mining, cement and tile industries, office jobs, transport,
petty trading, tourism |
|
Local economy |
Better economy, but increased inequality |
No change for most, some people worse off as
harvests fail, only better for a few |
A bit better for most people |
Economic growth, but capital leaves the
area
Economic stratification |
External change
agents
(The role of national and local
governments vs. other actors such as NGOs and foreign
investors) |
Good investment climate
and subsidized agricultural inputs make Tanzanian
businessmen start food-processing industries and bio-fuel production in
the area |
Local officials neglect their
duties
No efforts made by central government to help
local communities cope with drought or fight corruption
NGOs have a reactive rather than proactive role,
focusing on, e.g., relief food |
Local government helps initiate community groups, supported
by NGOs
Foreign-owned ecotourism hotel run in
cooperation with community group |
Good economy has connected Makanya to the world, Chinese
and Kenyan industries become important
Local
government is bypassed by investors, over time it loses
influence |
|
Source of development initiatives
|
Individual, but cooperatives emerge for bio-fuel
production |
Entrepreneurs leave farming and start new businesses,
raising mixed feelings among other villagers |
Community initiatives, small self-help groups and credit
schemes |
New projects proposed by companies rather than local people
or local groups |
|
Social cohesion /
inequality |
Growing inequality, everyone cannot keep up with the rapid
development, aggravated by competition over land |
Low community spirit / working
morale
Fewer children from poor families in school
leads to increasing inequality |
Good community spirit, people work together during crisis
years, but group work benefits some more than others |
There is a clear difference between those who can influence
their work situation and those who work in mines and factories |
|
Values |
Traditional values are nurtured, but modernization occurs
anyway |
People strongly object to the stratification that occurs
|
Traditional family values important, but people are open to
modernization as long as it is equitable |
Young people adopt a more modern life style, elderly people
lose authority |
|
Infra-structure |
Much better roads and housing |
Only slowly
improving |
Local road is improving due to ecotourism
project |
Much better roads, computers and phones common, improved
but stratified housing |
|
Population |
Population growth (some
in-migration, less out-migration), labor available |
Out-migration for
irrigated agriculture -> declining population and lack of labor
|
Slowly growing, but
young people still move to urban areas if they can |
Increasing movements, both in and out-migration, fewer
people per household |
Agroecological
conditions
(Extent of cultivated
areas, agricultural production systems, environmental health) |
The cultivated area
increases substantially
Mechanized cash-crop
production, increasing use of inputs
Homogenization of
land use, pesticide residues in water, decreasing forest and bush cover
|
The cultivated area
decreases
Small-scale subsistence farming relying on
traditional practices
Depleting farming methods, and
problems with land degradation following overextraction of ecosystem services
such as fodder, timber, and charcoal |
The cultivated area
increases
Subsistence farming with an increasing cash-crop component due to new small-scale technologies
Organic farming movement and less-depleting practices
Community forest reserve |
The cultivated area
decreases, with the exception of the highlands where irrigated vegetable
production still takes place
Less environmental
impact from farming, but problems associated with industrialization
National Park established in the
highlands |