Table 1. Comparison of IWRM and AM approaches to water resource management
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Addresses problems that ... |
Is a ... |
Involves ... |
Is achieved by ... |
Generates ... |
Good examples are characterized by ... |
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IWRM |
... are seen to be the fault of fractured planning and a lack of
appreciation for the connectivity of processes |
.... call for joint governance |
... multiple organizations and stakeholders operating across sectors and
scales |
... reform of the existing governance system (planning, management, and
communication processes) |
... coordinated and integrated sets of resource management plans and
actions |
... strong political commitment to reform and to inter-organizational,
cross-sectoral management |
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AM |
... “Big Science” and “Command and Control”
approaches have failed to effectively solve, and that determinism does not
adequately describe |
.. theory about effective management of natural resources, and a process for
organizational learning |
... responsible authorities with support from different
stakeholders |
... engaging in a program of active learning about natural resource
dynamics and use |
... a style of management that emphasizes exploration and
learning |
... a combination of hypothesis formulation, action, and analytical
reflection on the outcomes of management with the emphasis on learning |
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