Table 1. List of cases from the Transboundary Crisis Management Data Bank. Case type No. Name Perceived threat Crisis duration Level of surprise Uncertainty of crisis definition Environmental 26 1988 epidemic among harbor seals Medium Long High Medium 28 Baia Mare disaster Medium Long High Low 21 Cryptosporidium outbreak Medium Short High Medium 9 Exxon Valdez High Short Medium Medium 31 Greece EU case Medium Long Medium Low 32 Japan and the MOX fuel falsification Low Long Medium Medium 43 Love Canal Medium Medium Medium Medium 115 The U.S. BSE crisis Medium Long Low Medium 20 Yellowstone forest fire High Medium Low Medium Fiscal 108 1975 New York City financial crisis High Long Medium Medium 7 1997 Korean financial crisis Medium Long High Medium 3 Albanian pyramid scheme High Long Medium Medium 15 Daewoo Group financial crisis High Medium Low Low 53 Estonia economic overheating 1997 Medium Long Medium Medium 48 Latvia Banka Baltija Medium Medium High Medium 105 Long-term capital and the Federal Reserve High Long High Medium 107 Thailand and currency crisis of 1997 High Long Medium Medium 104 The collapse of Arthur Andersen Medium Long Medium Medium 109 The collapse of WorldCom Medium Medium Medium Medium 10 The Enron collapse Low Long High † 5 The Hanbo scandal High Medium Medium Low 6 Y2K in Korea High Long Medium High Legal 46 Biker wars in Scandinavia 1994–1997 Medium Long High Low 54 Estonia Kostivere arms robbery 1997 Medium Long Medium Medium 50 Estonia refugees 1994–1995 High Long Low Low 4 Riots in Malegaon High Medium Medium Low 24 The federal raid on Ruby Ridge Medium Long Low Low Military 29 Bhopal (Chaudhary) High Short High Medium 51 Estonia peacekeepers 1997 Medium Short High Low 12 Gulf War crisis Medium Long High Low 44 NATO Kosovo crisis High Long Low Medium 111 Ranger school deaths 1995 Medium Short Medium Low 14 Sino-U.S. plane crash incident Medium Short High Low 22 Somalia (Seitz) Medium Long Medium Medium 121 The attack on Pearl Harbor High Short Medium Medium 18 U.S. intervention in Somalia (Averil) Medium Long Medium Medium 120 U.S. Navy out of Vieques Medium Long Medium Low Natural disaster 37 Earthquake in Gujarat, India High Medium High Low 40 Flash floods in Sirsa, India Medium Medium Medium Medium 34 Labor Day storm Medium Short High Low 52 Latvia spring flood 1998 Medium Medium Low Medium 58 M.S. Estonia ferry disaster High Short High Medium 45 Red River floods 1997 Medium Long Low Medium 62 Slovenia earthquake 1998 Medium Medium High Low Political 25 1981 air traffic controllers strike High Long Low Low 129 Armed conflict in Macedonia 2001 High Medium Medium Medium 137 Assassination attempt on President Reagan High Short High Medium 114 Bay of Pigs High Medium † Low 116 Benin and the slave ship crisis High Long Medium Medium 47 Columbine school shooting (Lamaranna) High Long High Medium 30 Cuban missile crisis High Short High Low 113 D.C. anthrax situation High Short High High 112 D.C. sniper High Medium High High 8 Disaster at Waco High Long Medium Medium 38 Election bombing in Andhra Pradesh, India Medium Short High Low 49 Estonia hijacking 1994 Medium Medium Medium Low 55 Estonia referendum 1993 High Medium Medium Medium 36 Ethnic violence in Assam, India Medium Long Low Medium 35 FAA and September 11 High Medium High Medium 11 Fall of President Fujimori High Medium High Medium 19 India Pakistan Brinkmanship crisis High Long High Low 13 Iran hostage crisis and the Carter Administration High Long Medium Medium 27 Korean cargo truckers boycott Medium Long Medium Medium 56 Latvia Russian crisis 1998 Medium Medium Medium Medium 57 Latvia Russian Securities Medium Medium Medium Medium 42 Lima hostage drama High Medium High Low 110 Madrid bombing 11 March 2004 Medium Short High Low 33 Nuclear waste site crisis Low Medium Medium Low 106 Pan Am 103 and Syracuse University Medium Medium High High 77 Pastrana’s peace process High Medium Low Medium 59 President Bush’s rejection of the Kyoto Protocol Medium Medium Low Low 60 Slovenia independence High Short Low Medium 61 Slovenia Kosovo crisis Medium Medium Low Medium 17 Ukrainian border crisis Medium Medium Medium Medium 118 U.S. Military and the Mayaguez incident High Short Medium Low 117 U.S. troop deployments from Turkey Medium Long Medium Medium 1 YMCA Low Long High Medium Technological 2 Accident at Three Mile Island (March) High Short High Medium 119 Apollo 13 High Short Medium High 16 Columbia Shuttle disaster Medium Short Medium Medium 41 Hemodialysis deaths in Croatia High Short High Medium 39 Sampoong department store collapse High Medium Medium Medium †No evaluation available.