Table 1. Performance of biodiversity goal-setting methods on seven conditions (in columns) for effective use in multifunctional landscape planning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Low-level ecological expertise suffices Ecosystem based, with species requirements Suitable for regions with fragmented ecosystems Shifts between aspiration levels for biodiversity Application in multifunctional landscapes possible Up- and downscaling easy Adaptable in local setting Single-species approaches. Flagship, keystone, umbrella + ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ Focal species approach, systematically selected ◊ + + ◊ + + ◊ Focal species selected by regional experts ◊ + + ◊ + ◊ + Landscape species approach ◊ + _ ◊ ◊ ◊ + Multispecies reserve selection optimizations _ + _ _ + + + Conservation action planning (CAP) _ + _ _ _ _ +