Table 5. Programmatic bridges and barriers to integrated interdisciplinary research. Barriers   Codes   Bridges   Framework   No focus to guide teams or research   Broad and flexible research topic   Flexibility to choose research Interdisciplinary projects as "add-ons", primary focus on disciplinary project not associated with team project   Disciplinary or interdisciplinary focus   Creative synthesis to make individual disciplinary research part of integrated project Traditional approaches to framing research   Depth versus breadth   Innovation and freedom to create projects that focus on interactions and systems   Mentoring   Less integration experience or support   Advisor experience/commitment   More integrated experience and support Integrated portions of proposal not supported by disciplinary advisors   Proposal writing   Integrated portions of proposal supported by disciplinary advisors Programmatic/bureaucratic details for two institutions   CATIE partnership   Local expertise and contacts Language, logistics, access are more difficult.   International research   Language, logistics, access facilitated by local contacts   Training and resources   Not experts in all aspects of own discipline or interdisciplinary models/frameworks   Technical training   Strong disciplinary background and training in interdisciplinary models/frameworks Insufficient funding   Funding   Sufficient funding Disciplinary work may take less time   Time   Integrated work may take longer Exams focus narrowly on discipline   Preliminary Exams   Exams are comprehensive of interdisciplinary topic