|
Sector |
Description |
Property rights dimensions† |
Property rights bundle‡ |
|
|
|
Temporal |
Spatial |
Quantitative |
Access |
Withdrawal |
Management |
Exclusion |
Alienation |
| |
|
Commercial: ITQs§ |
Individual transferable quotas |
Held in perpetuity
(5) |
Broad regions superseded by other interests
(3) |
% of TACC¦
(5) |
Implicitly held by owner
(2) |
Well defined; held by owner
(5) |
Shared between government and owner
(3) |
Owner holds limited de-facto rights
(3) |
Owner holds very limited de-facto rights; government is primary holder
(1) |
|
Commercial: ACE¶ |
Annual catch entitlement |
Valid for 1 yr
(1) |
Broad regions superseded by other interests
(3) |
Tonnes
(5) |
Implicitly held by owner
(2) |
Well defined; held by owner
(5) |
Not held by owner
(1) |
Not held by owner
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Customary Māori: mätaitai |
Tangata whenua hold exclusive management rights for part of
coast |
Held in perpetuity
(5) |
Small areas corresponding to traditional boundaries
(5) |
Not explicitly defined
(2) |
Held by tangata whenua
(5) |
Held by tangata whenua
(5) |
Held by tangata whenua
(5) |
Held by tangata whenua
(5) |
Not defined; implicitly held by government, with varying
perceptions of Māori rights
(1) |
|
Customary Māori: taiäpure |
Iwi/hapu have great but not exclusive say in management;
commercial fishing allowed |
Held in perpetuity
(5) |
Small areas corresponding to traditional boundaries
(5) |
Not explicitly defined
(2) |
Held by general public
(3) |
Held by customary, recreational, and commercial fishers
(2) |
Shared between iwi/hapu and government
(3) |
Held by government
(0) |
Not defined; implicitly held by government, with varying
perceptions of Māori rights
(1) |
|
Customary Māori: Kaimoana customary fishing
|
Individuals or groups receive permission to catch amounts
beyond normal amateur catch for traditional celebrations |
Held in perpetuity
(5) |
Small areas corresponding to traditional boundaries
(5) |
Well defined individually; poor collective definition
(3) |
Same as recreational fishers
(3) |
Rights enhanced over those held by recreational fishers
(3) |
Distribution of catch right held by tangata whenua; most
other rights held by government
(2) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Recreational fishing |
Strong social tradition; poorly enforced individual catch
limits |
Presumed held in perpetuity
(3) |
Not defined; implicitly anywhere that is not explicitly
forbidden
(2) |
Individual limits; poorly defined collectively
(2) |
Implicitly held by recreational fishers
(2) |
Explicilty held by individual fishers; poorly defined
collectively
(3) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Aquaculture |
Local councils define AMAs# and issue renewable resource
consents |
Valid for up to 35 years
(4) |
Well defined as a sector and for individual farms
(5) |
Poorly defined right to collect spat
(2) |
Held by permit holders
(5) |
Held by permit holder; often poorly defined
(3) |
Held by government
(0) |
Extremely limited; held by permit holder
(1) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Conservation |
Marine reserves |
Held in perpetuity
(5) |
Well-defined small areas
(5) |
No-take zone, withdrawal set to zero
(0) |
Held by general public
(1) |
No withdrawal, thus held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Marine tourism |
Nonextractive recreational use of marine resources
|
Presumed held in perpetuity
(3) |
Implicit access to places not explicitly forbidden; some
restrictions on tour operators
(2) |
Not applicable
(0) |
Held by general public
(1) |
Not applicable
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Offshore resource extraction |
Natural gas drilling by extraction permit
holders |
Varies by permit
(4) |
Permits granted for specific areas
(5) |
Unlimited extraction allowed
(5) |
Held by permit holder
(5) |
Held by permit holder
(5) |
Shared by permit holder and government
(3) |
Held by permit holder
(5) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Submarine cables and pipelines |
Protected zone for submarine cables and
pipelines |
Presumed held in perpetuity
(3) |
Well-defined small areas, e.g., 4 m around
cable
(5) |
Not applicable
(0) |
Held by general public
(1) |
Not applicable, but impinges on others’ rights
(0) |
Shared by permit holder and government
(3) |
Held by permit holder
(5) |
Held by government
(0) |
|
Government |
Holds rights in trust for public unless
defined otherwise |
Held in perpetuity unless delegated
(5) |
200-mile EEZ†† unless delegated
(5) |
All unless delegated
(5) |
Held by government; often delegated
(5) |
Held by government; usually delegated to varying degrees
(5) |
Held by government; often significant portions shared
(5) |
Held by government; occasionally delegated
(5) |
Held by government
(5) |