Table 3. Attributes of human groups that seem to dominate activities in the four phases of the adaptive cycle of Holling (adopted from Holling and Sanderson 1996). This table represents a centrist view of primarily North American institutions. Phase of adaptive cycle Attribute r to K K to Ω Ω to α α to r A to exit Group type Bureaucracy Activists Temporary Adjunct with powers Activity focus Self-serving Insurgence Unlearning New learning; cooperation Deep transformation; cooperation Strategy “Do as before but more” “Weathering the storm” “Unlearning yesterday” “Inventing tomorrow” Response to changes No change Conflict Shedding old behaviors Reframing strategies Invention Time horizon Time of office (linear time) Present (discontinuous) Time out (multiple scales) Near future Distant future (multiple scales) Space horizon Building and holding bounds Destruction of old bounds Suspension of boundaries Creating new bounds Nature of truth and reality Constructed Challenged Deconstructed Reconfiguring myths New myths (visionary)