Table 1. Examples of interactions between the dilemmas and selected monitoring tasks of the Bwana Dikos. Kinship in this context extends to all members of the extended family and includes also multiple marriage and secret relationships. Dilemmas /tasks Kinship dilemma Loyalty dilemma Poverty dilemma Control dilemma Report illegal fishing gears and/or techniques Might avoid to report family members to the authorities Masked the magnitude of illegal fishing Avoids to report members of their own villages Masked the magnitude of illegal fishing Might allow illegal methods or activities because of understanding of the poverty situation in the village Impossibility to monitor due to large size of the areas Knowledge reported to the authorities is fragmentary and/or misleading License control and report Might ignore payment from family members Loss of state income mainly affecting DFMR, conservation, education and scientific projects Ignore payment from their own villages Loss of state income mainly affecting DFMR, conservation, education and scientific projects Ignoring payments in general Loss of state income mainly affecting DFMR, conservation, education and scientific projects Constraints the accuracy of controls Communication about plans and projects Might favor family members Masked or incomplete information Not communicating controversial opinions Pressures when patron-client relationships are present Impossibility to communicate negative opinions/feelings of the locals to the authorities and vice versa Might favor own village Masked or incomplete information to both locals and authorities Problems to ensure that the whole community has been informed Difficult to find proper arenas for communication Report and check seaworthiness of the boats Masked information of boats in bad conditions belonging to family Masked the status of artisanal fisheries infrastructure Masked information of boats in bad conditions in the village Might increase accidents in the village Might favor individuals for credits causing internal conflicts Subject for pressure patron-client relationships and or reciprocity favors Limit the frequency and accuracy of the possible observations and controls Market data collection as basis for statistical analysis and fisheries management Not reporting illegal species caught by family members or friends Masking the success of management efforts Not reporting illegal species caught in the village Not reporting illegal species consumption in particular sectors of the population Masking the success of management efforts Occasionally leaving data collection activities and engage into more lucrative opportunities Impossibility to monitor all activities in water and market Misleading and/or incomplete statistical data Missing data, leading to underestimation of total catches in biomass and monetary terms, incomplete information in all reported parameters Loss of statistical power and balanced designs