Table 1. Characteristics of three forested regions in which the management of natural resources is being approached in an integrated way, and which illustrate the need for a coordinated and systematic approach exemplified by the integrated natural resource management guidelines. Feature Malinau Tri-National de la Sangha Reserva Extrativista Verde para Sempre Location 2º45′–3º21′N, 115º48′–116º34′E 0º40′–3º32′N, 15º29′–17º34′W 1º35′–2º49′S, 52º03′–53º32′W Area 2500 km² 36,236 km² 12,887 km² Vegetation Lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest, upper montane forest, secondary forest Primary and secondary mixed species terra firma tropical semi-evergreen rain forest, monodominant (Gibertiodendron) closed canopy forest, riparian and swamp forest Seasonally flooded forest (várzea), closed mixed forest Physical features 50–2000 m elevation Rugged topography 300–600 m elevation Flat topography Poor soils 15–100 m elevation Flat topography intersected by numerous rivers Population 40,000 (estimate for Malinau District) Estimated 0.7 person/km² 13,300 people in rural settlements Settlement Scattered settlements One medium-sized town Scattered small villages of 50–100 inhabitants, but people increasingly concentrated around logging towns, i.e., 4500–15,000 inhabitants Small settlements along rivers One medium-sized town Land use Large- to medium-scale industrial logging Coal mining Swidden agriculture Agroforestry Nontimber forest product (NTFP) extraction, i.e., rattan, eaglewood, bird nests, resin, and fuelwood Largescale industrial logging Artisanal alluvial diamond mining Sport hunting Ecotourism Swidden agriculture Hunting, fishing, and gathering NTFPs Largely illegal commercial logging Hunting and fishing Swidden agriculture Harvesting NTFPs, e.g., fruits, nuts, medicinal plants Environmental concerns Deforestation from industrial logging Sustainability of timber extraction Siltation of rivers Loss of biodiversity Industrial logging Commercial hunting Unsustainable local hunting Diamond mining Industrial waste from wood treatment Illegal logging Overfishing Loss of primary forest habitat Socioeconomic concerns Few benefits reaching local inhabitants Underdevelopment Human health and nutrition High in-migration Poverty Undernutrition Underdevelopment Social and economic deprivation Illegal land appropriation