Table 3. Selection of transformed socioeconomic indicators run through a series of generalized linear models to assess the role of geology, i.e., precambrian vs. phanerozoic, and geographic region, i.e., Neotropics, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, in explaining pantropical variation.
|
|
| Indicator
|
Variable
|
R2
|
df
|
F
|
P |
|
| Tropical Closed Broadleaved Forest Area |
Geology
|
0.18
|
1,68
|
15.27
|
< 0.001
|
| (km2/person)
|
Continent
|
0.06
|
3,66
|
1.39
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
0.17
|
1,68
|
14.16
|
< 0.001
|
| Income, Debt, and
Investment
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GNI (US$/person, Atlas
method @ PPP)
|
Geology
|
0.07
|
1,66
|
5.17
|
< 0.010
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.5
|
3,62
|
21.13
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
< 0.01
|
1,64
|
0.19
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
0.37
|
3,62
|
11.91
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Government Debt (US$
@ PPP)
|
Geology
|
< 0.01
|
1,59
|
0.233
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Direct Foreign Investment
(US$)
|
Geology
|
< 0.01
|
1,59
|
0.04
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Population &
Health
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Population Growth (%
previous population)
|
Geology
|
< 0.01
|
1,61
|
0.57
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.25
|
3,59
|
6.43
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Population Density
(persons/km2)
|
Geology
|
0.24
|
1,70
|
22.24
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.15
|
3,68
|
4.28
|
< 0.010
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
0.24
|
1,70
|
23.38
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
0.22
|
3,68
|
6.56
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Life Expectancy (yr)
|
Geology
|
0.14
|
1,62
|
9.64
|
< 0.010
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.74
|
3,60
|
56.53
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
< 0.01
|
1,62
|
0.39
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Infant Mortality
(children/1000 births)
|
Geology
|
0.16
|
1,62
|
11.82
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.57
|
3,60
|
26.73
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
< 0.01
|
1,62
|
0.05
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Access to Improved Water
(% population)
|
Geology
|
0.2
|
1,70
|
17.95
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.13
|
3,69
|
3.48
|
< 0.050
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
0.1
|
1,70
|
7.91
|
< 0.010
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
0.04
|
3,69
|
0.92
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Education
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary School Enrollment
(%)
|
Geology
|
0.16
|
1,49
|
9.49
|
< 0.010
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.61
|
3,47
|
24.3
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
Geology after Continent
|
< 0.01
|
1,49
|
0.46
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent after Geology
|
0.36
|
3,47
|
8.65
|
< 0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Commodity Production
& Energy
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tropical roundwood
production (m3 km-2 forest area)
|
Geology
|
0.08
|
1,46
|
3.78
|
< 0.050
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.04
|
3,44
|
0.65
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Oil Production (barrels/d)
|
Geology
|
0.11
|
1,51
|
5.35
|
< 0.050
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.13
|
3,39
|
2.34
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gold Production (kg/yr)
|
Geology
|
0.09
|
1,66
|
6.29
|
< 0.050
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.02
|
3,65
|
0.37
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Energy Use (kg oil
equivalent/person)
|
Geology
|
0.07
|
1,35
|
2.7
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
Continent
|
0.14
|
2,35
|
2.78
|
> 0.050
|
|
|
|