| Extrinsic |
Relevant examples and case
studies |
| |
| Spiking catastrophes |
|
| Earthquake location, magnitude, and
frequency |
Garwood et al. 1979 |
| Spatial variation in volcanic activity and behavior |
Hammond 2005d |
| Trends in cyclonic activity |
Webb 1958, Wadsworth 1959, Whitmore 1974, Nelson et al. 1994, Snook 1996 |
| Extent and frequency of flooding |
Salo et al. 1986, Hammond 2005d |
| Depth and frequency of drought |
Salafsky 1994, Glantz 1998 |
|
|
| Primarily landscape legacies |
|
| Age of geologic terrane |
Hammond 2005d |
| Type, distribution, and grade of subsurface resources |
Miranda et al. 1998, Peterson and Heemskerk 2001, Hilson 2002, Hammond 2005c |
| Type, duration, and extent of forest-use history |
Dargavel et al. 1988, Homma 1992, Coomes 1995, Barham and Coomes 1996, van Gemerden et al. 2003, Hammond 2005c |
| Hydrological processes and water quality |
Degens 1982, Milliman and Meade 1983, Marengo 1995, Aalto et al. 2003 |
|
|
| Intrinsic |
|
| Spiking catastrophes |
|
| Frequency and extent of violent conflict |
Draulans and van Krunkelsven 2002, Dudley et al. 2002, McNeely 2003, Price 2003 |
| Frequency and magnitude of famine |
Currey and Hugo 1984 |
|
|
| Swelling transitions |
|
| Fire susceptibility |
Fearnside 1990, Kauffman and Uhl 1990, Hammond and Ter Steege 1998, Murty et al. 2000, Siegert et al. 2001 |
| Disease transmission rates and extent |
Patz et al. 2004, Karesh et al. 2005 |
| CCU species decline |
Peña and Zuidema 1999, Bennett and Gumal 2001, Fimbel et al. 2001, Peres et al. 2003 |
| Non-CCU biodiversity decline |
Laurance and Bierregaard 1997 |
| Accelerated greenhouse warming |
Brown et al. 1993, Condit et al. 1996, Nemani et al. 2003 |
| Invasive species distribution and density |
Sheil 1994, Cochrane and Schulze 1999, Fine 2002 |
|
|
| Primarily social legacies |
|
| Education and training quality and opportunity |
Hammond et al. 2000 |
| Skilled labour migration |
Adams 2003, Özden and Schiff 2006 |
| Political system structures and platforms |
Fearnside and Barbosa 1996 |
| RHTs and TEK retention |
Berkes et al. 2000, Colding and Folke 2001 |
| Corruption |
Robbins 2000 |
|
|
| Primarily economic legacies |
|
| Monetary policies |
Eichengreen and Kenen 1994 |
| Global trade structures and conditions |
Barbier et al. 1994 |
| Land use policies |
Hecht 1985, Repetto and Gillis 1988, Cockburn et al. 1999, Lambin et al. 2001, Rudel 2005 |
| Land tenure |
Godoy et al. 2001 |
| Enforcement & monitoring capability |
Rodan et al. 1992, Smith 2002, Karsenty 2003 |