Table 2. Indicators and variables included in the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) of 2001, 2002, and 2005. Component Indicator Variable Code Variable 2001 2002 2005 PSIR Environmental Systems (SYSTEM) Air Quality (SYSAIR) NO2 Urban population weighted NO2 concentration √ √ √ State SO2 Urban population weighted SO2 concentration √ √ √ TSP Urban population weighted TSP concentration √ √ √ INDOOR Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use X X √ Biodiversity (SYSBIO) ECORISK Percentage of country's territory in threatened eco-regions X X √ State PRT_BRD Threatened bird species as percentage of known breeding bird species in each country √ √ √ PRT_MAM Threatened mammal species as percentage of known mammal species in each country √ √ √ PRTAMPH Threatened amphibian species as percentage of known amphibian species in each country X X √ NBI National Biodiversity Index X X √ Land (SYSLAN) ANTH10 Percentage of total land area (including inland waters)having very low anthropogenic impact X √ √ State ANTH40 Percentage of total land area (including inland waters)having very high anthropogenic impact X √ √ SOIL Severity of human induced soil degradation √ X X ANTHRO Land area impacted by human activities as a percentage of total land area √ X X Water Quality (SYSWQL) GMS_DO WQ_DO Dissolved oxygen concentration √ √ √ State GMS_EC WQ_EC Electrical conductivity √ √ √ GMS_PH WQ_PH Phosphorus concentration √ √ √ GMS_SS WQ_SS Suspended solids √ √ √ Water Quantity (SYSWQN) WATAVL Freshwater availability per capita X X √ State GRDAVL Internal groundwater availability per capita X X √ WATCAP Internal renewable water per capita (water availability per capita in 2001) √ √ X WATINC Per capita water inflow from other countries √ √ X Reducing Environmental Stress (STRESS) Reducing Air Pollution (STRAIR) COALKM Coal consumption per populated land area √ √ √ Pressure NOXKM Anthropogenic NOX emissions per populated land area √ √ √ SO2KM Anthropogenic SO2 emissions per populated land area √ √ √ VOCKM Anthropogenic VOC emissions per populated land area √ √ √ CARSKM Vehicles in use per populated land area √ √ √ Reducing Ecosystem Stress (STRECO) FOREST Annual average forest cover change rate from 1990 to 2000 (ESI 2002: 1990-95) √ √ √ Pressure AC_EXE ACEXC Acidification exceedance from anthropogenic sulfur deposition √ √ √ Reducing Population Pressure (STRPOP) GR2050 Percentage change in projected population 2004-2050 (ESI 2001: present to 2050; ESI 2002: 2000 to 2050) √ √ √ Pressure TFR Total Fertility Rate √ √ √ Reducing Waste & Consumption Pressures (STRWAS) EFPC Ecological Footprint per capita X √ √ Pressure RECYCLE Waste recycling rates X X √ HAZWST Generation of hazardous waste X X √ NUKE Radioactive waster √ √ X PRESS Consumption pressure per capita √ X X Reducing Water Stress (STRWAT) BODWAT Industrial organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions per available freshwater √ √ √ Pressure FERTHA Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land √ √ √ PESTHA Pesticide consumption per hectare of arable land WATSTR Percentage of country under severe water stress √ √ √ Natural Resource Management (not in ESI 2002) OVRFSH Productivity over-fishing X X √ Response FORCERT Percentage of total forest area that is certified for sustainable management X X √ WEFSUB World Economic Forum Survey on subsidies (under CAPGOV in ESI 2002) X √ √ IRRSAL Salinized area due to irrigation as percentage of total arable land X X √ AGSUB Agricultural subsidies X X √ Reducing Human Vulnerability (VULNER) Environmental Health (VULHEA) DISINT Death rate from intestinal infectious diseases √ √ √ Impact DISRES Child death rate from respiratory diseases √ √ √ U5MORT Children under five mortality rate per 1,000 live births √ √ √ Basic Human Sustenance (VULSUS) UND_NO Percentage of undernourished in total population X √ √ Impact WATSUP Percentage of population with access to improved drinking water source √ √ √ CALOR Daily per capita calories supply as a percentage of total requirements √ X X Reducing Environment-Related Natural Disaster Vulnerability (not in ESI 2001 and ESI 2002) DISCAS Average number of deaths per million inhabitants from floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts X X √ Impact DISEXP Environmental Hazard Exposure Index X X √ Social and Institutional Capacity (CAP) Environmental Governance (CAPGOV, not in ESI 2001) GASPR Ratio of gasoline Price to world average (Price of premium gasoline in 2001, and under CAPDIS) √ √ √ Response GRAFT Corruption measure (under CAPDIS in 2001) √ √ √ GOVEFF Government effectiveness X X √ PRAREA Percentage of total land area under protected status (under CAPMAI in 2001) √ √ √ WEFGOV World Economic Forum Survey on environmental governance X √ √ LAW Rule of Law X X √ AGENDA 21 Local Agenda 21 initiatives per million people X X √ CIVLAB Civil and Political Liberties X √ CSDMIS Percentage of variables missing from the CGSDI ‘Rio to Joburg Dashboard’ X X √ IUCN IUCN member organizations per million population (under CAPDEB in 2001 and 2002) √ √ √ KNWLDG Knowledge creation in environmental science, technology, and policy X X √ POLITY Democracy measure (Democratic institutions in ESI 2002, also under CAPDEB) X √ √ EIA Number of sectoral EIA guidelines √ √ X FSC FSC accredited forest area as a percent of total forest area (under GLOCOI in 2001) √ √ X WEFSUB World Economic Forum Survey on subsidies (under CAPDIS in 2001 and Natural Resource Management in 2005) √ √ √ SUBFSH WWF subsidy measures X √ X Capacity for debate (CAPDEB, not in ESI 2005) IUCN IUCN member organizations per million population (under CAPGOV in ESI 2005) √ √ √ Response CIVLIB Civil and political liberties √ √ X POLITY Democracy institutions (Democratic measures in ESI 2005, also under CAPGOV) X √ √ ESIMIS Percentage of ESI variables in publicly available data sets (under CAPINF in 2001) √ √ X Social and Institutional Capacity (CAP) Regulation and management (CAPMAI, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) WEFSTR Environmental Regulatory Stringency √ X X Response WEFINN Environmental Regulatory Innovation √ X X PRAREA Percentage of land under protected status (under CAPGOV in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ EIA Number of sectoral EIA Guidelines (under CAPGOV in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ Eco-Efficiency (CAPEFF) ENEFF Energy Efficiency √ √ √ Response RENEWP RENPC Hydropower and renewable energy production as a percentage of total energy consumption √ √ √ Reducing public choice distortions (CAPDIS, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) GASPR Price of premium gasoline (USD per gallon) (ratio of gasoline Price to world average in 2002 and 2005, and under CAPGOV) √ √ √ Response WEFSUB Subsidies for energy or materials usage (WEF Survey) (under CAPGOV in 2002 and Natural Resource management in 2005) √ √ √ GRAFT Corruption measure (World Bank) (under CAPGOV in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ Environmental information (CAPINF, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) SDINFO Availability of sustainable development information at the national level √ X X Response PLANS Environmental strategies and action plans √ X X ESIMIS Percentage of ESI variables missing from public global data sets (under CAPDEB in 2002) √ √ X Private Sector Responsiveness (CAPPRI) DJSGI Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index (DJSGI) √ √ √ Response ECOVAL Average Innovest EcoValue rating of firms headquartered in a country √ √ √ ISO14 Number of ISO 14001 certified companies per billion dollars GDP (PPP) √ √ √ WEFPRI World Economic Forum Survey on private sector environmental innovation X √ √ RESCARE Participation in the Responsible Care Programme of the Chemical Manufacturer's Association X X √ WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development members √ √ X WEFCOM Environmental Competitiveness (WEF Survey) √ X X Social and Institutional Capacity (CAP) Science and Technology (CAPST) INNOV Innovation Index X √ √ Response DAI Digital Access Index X X √ PECR Female primary education completion rate X X √ ENROL Gross tertiary enrollment rate X X √ RESEARCH Number of Researchers per million inhabitants X X √ TAI Technology Achievement Index X √ X SCHOOL Mean years of schooling (age 15 and above) X √ X RDPERS Research and development scientists and engineers per million population √ X X RDEXP Expenditure for research and development as a percentage of GNP √ X X ARTPOP Scientific and technical articles per million population √ X X Global Stewardship (GLOBAL) Participation in International Collaborative Efforts (GLOPAR) EIONUM Number of memberships in environmental intergovernmental organizations (under GLOCO in 2001) √ √ √ Response FUNDING Contribution to international and bilateral funding of environmental projects and development aid X X √ PARTICIP Participation in international environmental agreements X X √ CITES Percentage of CITES reporting requirements met (under GLOCLI in 2001) √ √ X VIENNA Levels of participation in the Vienna Convention/Montreal Protocol (under GLOCLI in 2001) √ √ X FCCC Levels of participation in the Climate Change Convention √ X MONFUN Montreal Protocol multilateral fund participation (under GLOFIN in 2001) √ √ X GEF Global Environmental Facility participation (under GLOFIN in 2001) √ √ X WEFAGR Compliance with international agreements (under GLOCO in 2001) √ √ X Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GLOCLI, not in ESI 2001) CO2GDP Carbon emissions per million US dollars GDP X √ √ Pressure CO2PC Carbon emissions per capita X √ √ Reducing Trans-boundary Environmental Pressures (GLOTRA, not in ESI 2001) SO2EXP SO2 Exports (under GLOCOI in 2001) √ √ √ Pressure POLEXP Import of polluting goods and raw materials as percentage of total imports of goods and services X X √ CFC CFC consumption (total times per person) (under GLOCOI in 2001) √ √ X FSHCAT Total marine fish catch X √ X FSHCON Seafood consumption per capita X √ X Global Stewardship (GLOBAL) International Commitment (GLOCO, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) EIONUM Number of memberships in environmental intergovernmental organizations (under GLOPAR in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ Response CITES Percentage of CITES reporting requirements met (under GLOPAR in 2002) √ √ X VIENNA Levels of participation in the Vienna Convention/Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer (under GLOPAR in 2002) √ √ X WEFAGR Compliance with international agreements (under GLOPAR in 2002) √ √ X Global-scale funding and participation (GLOFIN, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) MONFUN Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund participation (under GLOPAR in 2002) √ √ X Response GEF Global Environmental Fund participation (under GLOPAR in 2002) √ √ X Protecting international commons (GLOCOI, not in ESI 2002 and ESI 2005) FSC FSC accredited forest area as a percent of total forest area (under CAPGOV in 2002) √ √ X Pressure FOOT Ecological Footprint ‘deficit’ √ X X CO2_EM CO2 emissions (total times per capita) √ X X CFC CFC consumption (under GLOTRA in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ SO2EXP SO2 exports (under GLOTRA in 2002 and 2005) √ √ √ CO2HIS Historic, cumulative CO2 emissions √ X X X = not included in the ESI of that year. √ = included in the ESI of that year.